2004 Publications

1. Abbott, R. J., and A. J. Lowe. 2004. Origins, establishment and evolution of new polyploid species: Senecio cambrensis and S-eboracensis in the British Isles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82:467-474.
2. Austin, A. D., D. K. Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B. McQuillan, L. A. Mound, D. J Bickel, P. J. Gullan, D. F. Hales, and G. S. Taylor. 2004. Insects 'Down Under' - Diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian Journal of Entomology 43:216-234.
3. Austin, J. J., E. N. Arnold, and C. G. Jones. 2004. Reconstructing an island radiation using ancient and recent DNA: the extinct and living day geckos (Phelsuma) of the Mascarene islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31:109-122.
4. Austin, J. J., V. Bretagnolle, and E. Pasquet. 2004. A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. Auk 121:847-864.
5. Bacles, C. F. E., A. J. Lowe, and R. A. Ennos. 2004. Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation on tree species: the case of Sorbus aucuparia in a deforested Scottish landscape. Molecular Ecology 13:573-584.
6. Balke, M., C. H. S. Watts, S. J. B. Cooper, W. F. Humphreys, and A. P. Vogler. 2004. A highly modified stygobiont diving beetle of the genus Copelatus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae): taxonomy and cladistic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 29:59-67.
7. Bradshaw, C. J. A., J. Higgins, K. J. Michael, S. J. Wotherspoon, and M. A. Hindell. 2004. At-sea distribution of female southern elephant seals relative to variation in ocean surface properties. Ices Journal of Marine Science 61:1014-1027.
8. Breed, W. G. 2004. The spermatozoon of Eurasian murine rodents: Its morphological diversity and evolution. Journal of Morphology 261:52-69.
9. Brook, B. W., and D. Bowman. 2004. The uncertain blitzkrieg of Pleistocene megafauna. Journal of Biogeography 31:517-523.
10. Brown, M., T. A. Kendal, H. Cooksley, K. M. Saint, A. C. Taylor, S. M. Carthew, and S. J. B. Cooper. 2004. Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the gliding marsupials Petaurus australis and Petaurus breviceps. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:704-706.
11. Brown, M., T. A. Kendal, H. Cooksley, K. M. Saint, A. C. Taylor, S. M. Carthew, and S. J. B. Cooper. 2004. Polymorphic microsatellite markers for gliding marsupials Petaurus australis and Petaurus breviceps. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:704-706.
12. Burns, J. M., D. P. Costa, M. A. Fedak, M. A. Hindell, C. J. A. Bradshaw, N. J. Gales, B. McDonald, S. J. Trumble, and D. E. Crocker. 2004. Winter habitat use and foraging behavior of crabeater seals along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography 51:2279-2303.
13. Caldwell, M. W., and M. S. Y. Lee. 2004. Reevaluation of the Cretaceous marine lizard Acteosaurus crassicostatus. Journal of Paleontology 78:617-619.
14. Caprette, C. C., M. S. Y. Lee, R. Shine, A. Mokaney, and J. F. Downhower. 2004. The origin of snakes as seen through eye anatomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 81:469-482.
15. Carpenter, R. J., R. S. Hill, D. R. Greenwood, A. D. Partridge, and M. A. Banks. 2004. No snow in the mountains: Early Eocene plant fossils from Hotham Heights, Victoria, Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 52:685-718.
16. Cavers, S., C. Navarro, and A. J. Lowe. 2004. Targeting genetic resource conservation in widespread species: a case study of Cedrela odorata L. Forest Ecology and Management 197:285-294.
17. Chapple, D. G., J. S. Keogh, and M. N. Hutchinson. 2004. Molecular phylogeography and systematics of the arid-zone members of the Egernia whitii (Lacertilia : Scincidae) species group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33:549-561.
18. Chisholm, L. A., and I. D. Whittington. 2004. Two new species of Myliocotyle (Monogenea : Monocotylidae) from the gills of Aetomylaeus maculatus and A-nichofii (Elasmobranchii : Myliobatidae) from Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia. Folia Parasitologica 51:304-310.
19. Chisholm, L. A., and I. D. Whittington. 2004. Two new species of Dendromonocotyle Hargis, 1955 (Monogenea : Monocotylidae) from the skin of Taeniura meyeni (Dasyatidae) and Aetobatus narinari (Myliobatidae) from aquaria in Queensland, Australia. Systematic Parasitology 57:221-228.
20. Chisholm, L. A., I. D. Whittington, and A. B. P. Fischer. 2004. A review of Dendromonocotyle (Monogenea : Monocotylidae) from the skin of stingrays and their control in public aquaria. Folia Parasitologica 51:123-130.
21. Conran, J. G., R. Carolin, and J. W. Kadereit. 2004. Byblidaceae. Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae):45-49.
22. Conran, J. G., and D. C. Christophel. 2004. A fossil Byblidaceae seed from Eocene South Australia. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165:691-694.
23. Conran, J. G., and K. Kubitzki. 2004. Roridulaceae. Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales:339-342.
24. Conran, J. G., and K. Kubitzki. 2004. Cephalotaceae. Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales:65-68.
25. Cook, C. E., J. J. Austin, and R. H. L. Disney. 2004. A mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA phylogeny of critical genera of Phoridae (Diptera) and related families of Aschiza. Zootaxa:1-11.
26. Cribb, B. W., W. D. Armstrong, and I. D. Whittington. 2004. Simultaneous fixation using glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide or potassium ferricyanide-reduced osmium for the preservation of monogenean flatworms: an assessment for Merizocotyle icopae. Microscopy Research & Technique 63.
27. Cribb, B. W., and I. D. Whittington. 2004. Anterior adhesive areas and adjacent secretions in the parasitic flatworms Decacotyle lymmae and D-tetrakordyle (Monogenea : Monocotylidae) from the gills of stingrays. Invertebrate Biology 123:68-77.
28. Davies, S., A. White, and A. Lowe. 2004. An investigation into effects of long-distance seed dispersal on organelle population genetic structure and colonization rate: a model analysis. Heredity 93:566-576.
29. del Monte-Luna, P., B. W. Brook, M. J. Zetina-Rejon, and V. H. Cruz-Escalona. 2004. The carrying capacity of ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13:485-495.
30. Dimmlich, W. F., W. G. Breed, M. Geddes, and T. M. Ward. 2004. Relative importance of gulf and shelf waters for spawning and recruitment of Australian anchovy, Engraulis australis, in South Australia. Fisheries Oceanography 13:310-323.
31. Dolman, G., and B. Phillips. 2004. Single copy nuclear DNA markers characterized for comparative phylogeography in Australian wet tropics rainforest skinks. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:185-187.
32. Donnellan, S. C., and M. J. Mahony. 2004. Allozyme, chromosomal and morphological variability in the Litoria lesueuri species group (Anura : Hylidae), including a description of a new species. Australian Journal of Zoology 52:1-28.
33. Field, I. C., C. J. A. Bradshaw, H. R. Burton, and M. A. Hindell. 2004. Seasonal use of oceanographic and fisheries management zones by juvenile southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Macquarie Island. Polar Biology 27:432-440.
34. Frankham, R., and B. W. Brook. 2004. The importance of time scale in conservation biology and ecology. Annales Zoologici Fennici 41:459-463.
35. Garde, L. M., J. M. Nicol, and J. G. Conran. 2004. Changes in vegetation patterns on the margins of a constructed wetland after 10 years. Ecological Management & Restoration 5:111-117.
36. Gardner, M. G., K. Ottewell, and M. Adams. 2004. Isolation of microsatellites in a parthenogenetic lizard Menetia greyii (Scincidae) and their utility in sexual species of the Menetia greyii complex. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:219-221.
37. Giblin-Davis, R. M., S. J. Scheffer, K. A. Davies, G. S. Taylor, J. Curole, T. D. Center, J. Goolsby, and W. K. Thomas. 2004. Coevolution between Fergusobia and Fergusonina mutualists. Proceeding of the Fourth International Congress of Nematology 2:407-417.
38. Gurgel, C. F. D., and S. Fredericq. 2004. Systematics of the gracilariaceae (Gracilariales, rhodophyta): A critical assessment based on rbcL sequence analyses. Journal of Phycology 40:138-159.
39. Gurgel, C. F. D., S. Fredericq, and J. N. Norris. 2004. Phylogeography of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta): A study of genetic discontinuity in a continuously distributed species based on molecular evidence. Journal of Phycology 40:748-758.
40. Gurgel, C. F. D., S. Fredericq, and J. N. Norris. 2004. Gracilaria apiculata and G. flabelliformis (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta): restoring old names for common tropical western Atlantic species, including the recognition of three new subspecies, and a replacement name for "G. lacinulata". Cryptogamie Algologie 25:367-396.
41. Hill, R. S. 2004. Origins of the southeastern Australian vegetation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 359:1537-1549.
42. Hincuicliffe, J., and J. G. Conran. 2004. The tennyson sand dunes: Vegetation structure and conservation status. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 128:239-248.
43. Hugall, A. F., and M. S. Y. Lee. 2004. Molecular claims of Gondwanan age for Australian agamid lizards are untenable. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21:2102-2110.
44. Hutson, K. S., C. A. Styan, I. Beveridge, M. J. Keough, X. Q. Zhu, Y. G. A. El-Osta, and R. B. Gasser. 2004. Elucidating the ecology of bucephalid parasites using a mutation scanning approach. Molecular and Cellular Probes 18:139-146.
45. Jennings, J. T., A. D. Austin, and N. B. Stevens. 2004. The aulacid wasp fauna of Western Australia with descriptions of six new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 22:115-128.
46. Jennings, J. T., A. D. Austin, and N. B. Stevens. 2004. Hyptiogastrites electrinus Cockerell, 1917, from Burmese amber: redescription and its placement within the Evanioidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2:127-132.
47. Jennings, J. T., A. D. Austin, and N. B. Stevens. 2004. First record of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera : Evanioidea) from New Caledonia with descriptions of three new species of Aulacus Jurine. Australian Journal of Entomology 43:346-352.
48. Jennings, J. T., A. D. Austin, and N. B. Stevens. 2004. Species of the Wasp genus Aulacus Jurine, (Hymenoptera : Aulacidae) endemic to South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 128:13-21.
49. Kasper, M. L., A. F. Reeson, S. J. B. Cooper, K. D. Perry, and A. D. Austin. 2004. Assessment of prey overlap between a native (Polistes humilis) and an introduced (Vespula germanica) social wasp species using morphology and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA. Molecular Ecology 13:2037-2048.
50. Kellermann, J. 2004. Robert Brown's contributions to Rhamnaceae systematics. Telopea 10:515-524.
51. Knowles, R., M. Mahony, J. Armstrong, and S. Donnellan. 2004. Systematics of sphagnum frogs of the genus Philoria (Anura : Myobatrachidae) in eastern Australia, with the description of two new species. Records of the Australian Museum 56:57-74.
52. Koh, L. P., N. S. Sodhi, and B. W. Brook. 2004. Co-extinctions of tropical butterflies and their hostplants. Biotropica 36:272-274.
53. Lee, M. S. Y. 2004. Molecular and morphological datasets have similar numbers of relevant phylogenetic characters. Taxon 53:1019-1022.
54. Lee, M. S. Y. 2004. The molecularisation of taxonomy. Invertebrate Systematics 18:1-6.
55. Li, J., D. C. Christophel, J. G. Conran, and H. W. Li. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the 'core' Laureae (Litsea complex, Lauraceae) inferred from sequences of the chloroplast gene matK and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS regions. Plant Systematics and Evolution 246:19-34.
56. Lowe, A., R. C. Munro, S. Samuel, and J. Cottrell. 2004. The utility and drawbacks of chloroplast DNA for identifying native British oak stands. Forestry 77:335-347.
57. Lowe, A. J., and R. J. Abbott. 2004. Reproductive isolation of a new hybrid species, Senecio eboracensis. Heredity 92:386-395.
58. Lowe, A. J., C. Moule, M. Trick, and K. J. Edwards. 2004. Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108:1103-1112.
59. Marchesan, D., and S. M. Carthew. 2004. Autecology of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) in a fragmented landscape in southern Australia. Wildlife Research 31:273-282.
60. Marsh, H., I. R. Lawler, D. Kwan, S. Delean, K. Pollock, and M. Alldredge. 2004. Aerial surveys and the potential biological removal technique indicate that the Torres Strait dugong fishery is unsustainable. Animal Conservation 7:435-443.
61. Martin, J. E., M. N. Hutchinson, R. Meredith, J. A. Case, and N. S. Pledge. 2004. The oldest genus of scincid lizard (Squamata) from the tertiary etadunna formation of South Australia. Journal of Herpetology 38:180-187.
62. McCarthy, M. A., D. Keith, J. Tietjen, M. A. Burgman, M. Maunder, L. Master, B. W. Brook, G. Mace, H. P. Possingham, R. Medellin, S. Andelman, H. Regan, T. Regan, and M. Ruckelshaus. 2004. Comparing predictions of extinction risk using models and subjective judgement. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 26:67-74.
63. McMahon, C. R., and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2004. Harem choice and breeding experience of female southern elephant seals influence offspring survival. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55:349-362.
64. Mill, R. R., and R. S. Hill. 2004. Validations of the names of seven Podocarpaceae macrofossils. Taxon 53:1043-1046.
65. Miller, I. R., G. Coleman, S. Delean, and H. Sweatman. 2004. Broadscale surveys of crown-of-thorns starfish along the Great Barrier Reef 1993-2003. AIMS Report 36:i-iv, 1, 3-19, 21-31.
66. Muir, G., A. J. Lowe, C. C. Fleming, and C. Vogl. 2004. High nuclear genetic diversity, high levels of outcrossing and low differentiation among remnant populations of Quercus petraea at the margin of its range in Ireland. Annals of Botany 93:691-697.
67. Murphy, N. P., and C. M. Austin. 2004. Phylogeography of the widespread Australian freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Journal of Biogeography 31:1065-1072.
68. Murphy, N. P., and C. M. Austin. 2004. Multiple origins of the endemic Australian Macrobrachium (Decapoda : Palaemonidae) based on 16S rRNA mitochondrial sequences. Australian Journal of Zoology 52:549-559.
69. Murphy, N. P., J. W. Short, and C. M. Austin. 2004. Re-examination of the taxonomy of the Macrobrachium australiense Holthuis (Decapoda : Palaemonidae) species-complex: molecular evidence for a single species. Invertebrate Systematics 18:227-232.
70. Nicol, J., J. Lieschke, J. Lyon, and J. Koehn. 2004. Observations on the distribution and abundance of carp and native fish, Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38:541-552.
71. O'Grady, J. J., M. A. Burgman, D. A. Keith, L. L. Master, S. J. Andelman, B. W. Brook, G. A. Hammerson, T. Regan, and R. Frankham. 2004. Correlations among extinction risks assessed by different systems of threatened species categorization. Conservation Biology 18:1624-1635.
72. O'Grady, J. J., D. H. Reed, B. W. Brook, and R. Frankham. 2004. What are the best correlates of predicted extinction risk? Biological Conservation 118:513-520.
73. Otway, N. M., C. J. A. Bradshaw, and R. G. Harcourt. 2004. Estimating the rate of quasi-extinction of the Australian grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) population using deterministic age- and stage-classified models. Biological Conservation 119:341-350.
74. Paull, R., and R. S. Hill. 2004. Why were the leaves of Tertiary Nothofagus subgenus Brassospora species serrate margined? Australian Biologist 17:35-54.
75. Piao, X. H., R. S. Hill, A. Bodell, B. S. Chang, L. Basel-Vanagaite, R. Straussberg, W. B. Dobyns, B. Qasrawi, R. M. Winter, A. M. Innes, T. Voit, M. E. Ross, J. L. Michaud, J. C. Descarle, A. J. Barkovich, and C. A. Walsh. 2004. G protein-coupled receptor-dependent development of human frontal cortex. Science 303:2033-2036.
76. Prentis, P. J., A. Vesey, N. M. Meyers, and P. B. Mather. 2004. Genetic structuring of the stream lily Helmholtzia glaberrima (Philydraceae) within Toolona Creek, south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Botany 52:201-207.
77. Rabosky, D. L., K. P. Aplin, S. C. Donnellan, and S. B. Hedges. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of blindsnakes (Ramphotyphlops) from western Australia and resurrection of Ramphotyphlops bicolor (Peters, 1857). Australian Journal of Zoology 52:531-548.
78. Ramirez-Icaza, G., K. A. Mohammed, N. Nasreen, R. D. Van Horn, J. A. Hardwick, K. L. Sanders, J. Tian, C. Ramirez-Icaza, M. T. Johnson, and V. B. Antony. 2004. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate paxillin expression in bronchial airway epithelial cells. Journal of Clinical Immunology 24:426-434.
79. Ramsland, P. A., W. Farrugia, T. M. Bradford, P. M. Hogarth, and A. M. Scott. 2004. Structural convergence of antibody binding of carbohydrate determinants in
80. Lewis Y tumor antigens. J Mol Biol 340:809-818.
81. Rawlings, L. H., D. Barker, and S. C. Donnellan. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of the Australo-Papuan region pythons, Liasis (Reptilia: Macrostomata) based on mitochondrial DNA. Australian Journal of Zoology 52:215-227.
82. Reed, D. H., J. J. O'Grady, B. W. Brook, J. D. Ballou, and R. Frankham. 2004. Large estimates of minimum viable population sizes. Conservation Biology 18:1179-1179.
83. Sanders, K. L., A. Malhotra, and R. S. Thorpe. 2004. Ecological diversification in a group of Indomalayan pitvipers (Trimeresurus): convergence in taxonomically important traits has implications for species identification. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17:721-731.
84. Scanlon, J. D., and M. S. Y. Lee. 2004. The phylogeny of Australasian venomous snakes  (Elapidae, Hydrophiidae) based on phenotypic and molecular evidence. Zoologica Scripta 33:335-366.
85. Scheffer, S. J., R. M. Giblin-Davis, G. S. Taylor, K. A. Davies, M. Purcell, M. L. Lewis, J. Goolsby, and T. D. Center. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera : Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97:1216-1221.
86. Schwarz, M. P., S. M. Tierney, S. J. B. Cooper, and N. J. Bull. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics of the allodapine bee genus Braunsapis: A-T bias and heterogeneous substitution parameters. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32:110-122.
87. Scott, K. D., K. S. Wilkinson, N. Lawrence, C. L. Lange, L. J. Scott, M. A. Merritt, A. J. Lowe, and G. C. Graham. 2004. Gene-flow between populations of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is highly variable between years. Bulletin of Entomological Research 94.
88. Skinner, A. 2004. Hierarchy and monophyly. Cladistics-the International Journal of the Willi Hennig Society 20:498-500.
89. Sodhi, N. S., L. P. Koh, B. W. Brook, and P. K. L. Ng. 2004. Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19:654-660.
90. Souter, N. J., C. M. Bull, and M. N. Hutchinson. 2004. Adding burrows to enhance a population of the endangered pygmy blue tongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis. Biological Conservation 116:403-408.
91. Spielman, D., B. W. Brook, D. A. Briscoe, and R. Frankham. 2004. Does inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity decrease disease resistance? Conservation Genetics 5:439-448.
92. Stevens, M. I., and I. D. Hogg. 2004. Population genetic structure of New Zealand's endemic corophiid amphipods: evidence for allopatric speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81:119-133.
93. Taylor, G. S. 2004. Revision of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera : Fergusoninidae) from Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Invertebrate Systematics 18:251-290.
94. Thanaraj, T., S. Stamm, F. Clark, J. Riethoven, V. Le Texier, and J. Muilu. 2004. ASD: the Alternative Splicing Database. Nucleic Acids Research 32:64-69.
95. Traill, L. W. 2004. Seasonal utilization of habitat by large grazing herbivores in semi-arid Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34:13-24.
96. Turner, D., and J. G. Conran. 2004. The reproductive ecology of two naturalised Erica species (Ericaceae) in the Adelaide hills: the rise and fall of two 'would-be' weeds? Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 128:23-31.
97. van Camp, L. M., S. C. Donnellan, A. R. Dyer, and P. G. Fairweather. 2004. Multiple paternity in field- and captive-laid egg strands of Sepioteuthis australis (Cephalopoda : Loliginidae). Marine and Freshwater Research 55:819-823.
98. Whang, S. S., K. Kim, and R. S. Hill. 2004. Cuticle micromorphology of leaves of Pinus (Pinaceae) from North America. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144:303-320.
99. Wheeler, D., R. M. Hope, S. J. B. Cooper, A. A. Gooley, and R. A. B. Holland. 2004. Linkage of the b-like w-globin gene to a-like globin genes in an Australian marsupial supports the chromosome duplication model for separation of globin gene clusters. Journal of Molecular Evolution 58:642-652.
100. Whittington, I. D. 2004. The Capsalidae (Monogenea : Monopisthocotylea): a review of diversity, classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes. Folia Parasitologica 51:109-122.
101. Whittington, I. D., W. D. Armstrong, L. A. Chisholm, and B. W. Cribb. 2004. A comparison of the anterior adhesive system in the oncomiracidium and adult of the monogenean parasite Merizocotyle icopae (Monocotylidae). Parasitology Research 93:223-229.
102. Whittington, I. D., W. D. Armstrong, and B. W. Cribb. 2004. Mechanism of adhesion and detachment at the anterior end of Neoheterocotyle rhinobatidis and Troglocephalus rhinobatidis (Monogenea : Monopisthocotylea : Monocotylidae). Parasitology Research 94:91-95.
103. Whittington, I. D., M. R. Deveney, J. A. T. Morgan, L. A. Chisholm, and R. D. Adlard. 2004. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Capsalidae (Platyhelminthes : Monogenea : Monopisthocotylea) inferred from large subunit rDNA sequences. Parasitology 128:511-519.