Bibliographic Style Guide

Compiled by Gordon Abbott

Bibliographic Style

Essays and assignments at tertiary level must include references to all material used as sources for the content of the work. All material used - data, theories, paraphrases or summaries of other authors' opinions, and quotations - must be documented. The normal convention is to link a reference in the text of an essay to a list of works cited at the end of the essay.

The two most commonly used referencing systems are the M.L.A. style and the Author-date style (also known as Harvard style). M.L.A. style involves a series of numbers inserted at the appropriate point in the text linked to a list of notes (endnotes) at the end of the essay.   Author-date style involves inserting the author's surname, date of publication and page numbers in brackets at the appropriate point in the text linked to a list of references at the end of the essay.

MLA Style

In this style, the following quotation from page 431 of Donald J. Grout's History of Western Music should be acknowledged as follows:

Gluck's operas were models for the works of his immediate followers at Paris, and his influence on the form and spirit of opera was transmitted to the nineteenth century through such composers as his erstwhile rival Piccini, Luigi Cherubini, Gasparo Spontini, and Hector Berlioz.¹

As an endnote (a list of references at the end of the text) a bibliographic citation should appear as:

1. Donald J.  Grout. History of Western Music. (London: Dent, 1960) 431.

Then in the bibliography, after the list of notes, arranged alphabetically by author's surname, the same source should appear as:  

Grout, Donald J. History of Western Music. London: Dent, 1960.

The bibliography must include all works consulted in the preparation of the essay, not just those cited.

Once a work has been fully documented subsequent references to it should only give enough information for it to be identified. For example, the next reference to Grout should read:  

2. Grout 457  (or, if there is another work by Grout previously cited, include enough of the title to distinguish the two works e.g. Grout,Western Music 457).

The use of the older style of Latin abbreviations such as op. cit., loc.cit., and   ibid. should be avoided.

Note the use of brackets around the imprint details (place of publication, publisher and date) when a reference is made in an endnote, however, brackets are not used when the book is listed in the bibliography.

A bibliographic citation must describe a bibliographic entity in sufficient detail for it to be clearly and unambiguously identified. The following examples, based on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 4th ed. (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1995) provide a guide to most forms of bibliographic citation. Copies of the MLA Handbook are held by the Elder Music Library.

 In a handwritten essay (as distinct from a word-processed version)  underlined titles have the same meaning as italics. For example History of Western Music has the same significance as History of Western Music.

In the following examples, some citation models appear twice. The first time as an endnote and the second as an entry in a bibliography.  All other models are shown in the form in which they should appear in a bibliography.

Citation for a Book a single author

- in an endnote
William Austin. Music in the Twentieth Century. (New York: Norton, 1966), 132.

- in a bibliography
Austin, William. Music in the Twentieth Century. New York: Norton, 1966.

a second edition
White, Eric Walter. Stravinsky, the Composer and His Works. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

with an editor
Landon, H.C. Robbins, ed. The Mozart Companion. New York: Norton, 1969.

a translation
Dahlhaus, Carl. Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music. Trans. Mary Whittall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Citation for a Specific Section of a Book  a reference book

- in an endnote
Nigel Fortune. "Francesco Gonzaga."  In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and   Musicians. Vol. 7. Stanley  Sadie, ed.  (London: Macmillan, 1980)  57-61.

- in a bibliography
Fortune, Nigel. "Francesco Gonzaga." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and   Musicians. Vol. 7. Stanley Sadie, ed.  London: Macmillan, 1980.

a chapter in a book
Horton, John. "Chamber Music 1830-1850." In The New Oxford History of Music.
Romanticism (1830-1890). Vol  9.  G. Abraham, ed.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

an essay in a collection of essays
Brown, Patricia. "John Antill." In Australian Composition in the Twentieth Century.   Frank Callaway and David Tunley, eds. Melbourne: Oxford   University Press, 1979.

Citation for a Book with a Corporate Author   - in an endnote

Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Australian Biennale: A View of World Music.  (Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1988) 57.

- in a bibliography
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Australian Biennale: A View of World Music.  Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1988.

Citation for a Book with an Anonymous Author The World of Music.

London: Viking Press, 1953.

Kenneth Hince. "The Dilemma of the Australian Composer." Twentieth Century.   7. 2 (1953) : 47-56.

 - in a bibliography
Hince, Kenneth. "The Dilemma of the Australian Composer." Twentieth Century.   7. 2 (1953) : 47-56.

Citation for a Newspaper Article

Blackman, Cheryl. "Roger Woodward and the Australian String Quartet."     Weekend Australian 18-19 August, 1983 : 36.

Citation for Information from the Internet

To cite Internet sites, communications, and other information provide as much of the following information as is available and applicable:

•   - author's name
•   - full title of the document
•   - full title of the complete work/site
•   - date of publication or last revision
•   - the URL/ address
•   -  date accessed by you.

WWW Site (World Wide Web)

McDonald, Lee. "Bluebeard’s Drama." The Stage Works of Béla Bartók.  July 1996.

http://www.washington.edu/mus/bartok/opera~bluebeard (4 December 1997).  

Citation for an Electronic Journal

Townsend, William. "A Post-structural Approach to Linear Analysis."  Music Theory Online. 2(5) 1995 : 43 pp. Online. Internet. 24 January 1996.

Citation for Information from a CD Rom

Fillmore, Henry. "The New England of Charles Ives." New York Times 29 Feb. 1989.  New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM. SilverPlatter. October 1993.

The Orchestra. The Instruments Revealed. CD-ROM.
 Burbank: Warner New Media, 1991.

Citation for Information from a Theatre or Concert Programme

- in an endnote
Herbert Kretzmer. "English Words for a Gallic Score." In Les Misérables. Theatre programme. (Festival Theatre, Adelaide. 2 January 1991) 6.

 - in a bibliography
Kretzmer, Herbert. "English Words for a Gallic Score." In Les Misérables.  Theatre programme. Festival Theatre, Adelaide. 2 January 1991.

Citation for a Thesis a published thesis

- in an endnote
Thomas Winters. Repetitive Techniques in the Experimental Works of Charles Ives. Ph.D.  Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1986.  (Ann Arbor: University Microforms, 1988) 452.

- in a bibliography
Winters, Thomas. Repetitive Techniques in the Experimental Works of Charles Ives. Ph.D.  Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1986. Ann Arbor: University Microforms, 1988.

an unpublished thesis
Thyn, Jurgen. The Solo Song Setting of Eichendorff's Poems by Schumann and  Wolf. Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1974.

Citation for a Lecture

- in an endnote
David Irvine. "Berio, Boulez, Stravinsky and the Post-War European Musical  Synthesis." Lecture presented at University of Adelaide, 23 March 1971.

 - in a bibliography
Irvine,  David. "Berio, Boulez, Stravinsky and the Post-War European Musical  Synthesis." Lecture presented at University of Adelaide, 23 March 1971.

Citation for a Music Score

Mendelssohn, Felix. Symphony no. 3, op.56, A major.  London: Eulenberg, 1976.

Tippett, Michael. The Midsummer Marriage.  Mainz: Schott, 1954.

-one work from a collection
Rachmaninoff, Sergei. "Spring Waters." In Songs Volume 1. London: Boosey &   Hawkes, 1947.

 - a collected edition
Mahler, Gustav. Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Vienna: Universal   Edition, 1960.

- a reprint of a  collected edition
Clementi, Muzio. Collected works of Muzio Clementi.  New York: Da Capo Press,   1973.
[Reprint of Oeuvres de Clementi. (Leipzig, 1803-1819)].

Citation for a Sound Recording  

- in a bibliography
Bartók, Béla. The Wooden Prince. Cond. János Ferencsik. Budapest Philharmonic
Orchestra. Cassette tape. EMI  CX 1164, 1977.

Gluck, Christoph W. Iphegenie en Tauride. With Patricia Neway, Leopold    Simoneau, Pierre Mollet and Robert Massard. Cond.  Carlo Maria Giulini. Ensemble Vocal de Paris and Orchestre de la Société des  Concerts du Conservatoire Paris. LP record. HMV 1C 137, 1984.

Bliss, Arthur. "Pastoral." In Music for Clarinet and Piano. Thea King, clarinet.   Clifford Benson, piano. Compact disc.  Hyperion CD66044, 1989.

and accompanying written information

- in an endnote
György Kroó.  Notes to The Wooden Prince. Music by Béla Bartók.  Cond. János Ferencsik. Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra.  Cassette tape. (EMI  CX 1164)  2.
- in a bibliography
Kroó, György.  Notes to The Wooden Prince. Music by Béla Bartók.  Cond. János Ferencsik. Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra.  Cassette tape. EMI  CX 1164.

Citation for a Performance

Puccini, Giacomo. Tosca.  Conducted by Nicholas Braithwaite. With Joan Carden  and Bruno Sebastian. Adelaide Symphony Orchestra and Festival   Chorus.  Festival Theatre, Adelaide. 14 March 1990.

Stravinsky, Igor. The Rite of Spring.  Sydney Symphony Orchestra conducted by  Dean Dixon. Town Hall, Sydney. 3 November 1964.

Citation for a Film or Videorecording a film

The Musical.

Dir. Gina Woods. Motion picture. London: Granada, 1975.

a video
Malcolm Williamson - Down Under. Dir. Brian Daniels. Videocassette.
 London:  British Broadcasting Corporation, 1976. 28 min.

Endnote and Bibliography Models (MLA Style)

Notes

 

1. Henry Woodward.  "Musical Symbolism in the Vocal Works of Johan Pachelbel." InEssays in Honor of Archibald Thompson Davidson.  Brian Simson, ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957) 32.
2. Lionel Pike. "Robert Simpson's Symphonies."Tempo 153.3 (1985) : 20-29.
3. Elizabeth Forbes.  "Mathilde Mallinger." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 11. Stanley Sadie, ed. (London: Macmillan, 1980) 587.
4. David Daniels. Orchestral Music: A Sourcebook. (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1972) 54.
5. John McCabe.  Bartók Orchestral Music. (London: BBC, 1974) 73.
6. Nicholas Cook.  A Guide to Musical Analysis. (London: Dent, 1987) 215.
7. Charles Reid. "Britain from Stanford to Vaughan Williams." In Choral Music.  Arthur Jacobs, ed. (London: Penguin, 1963) 352.
8. Alan Tyson.  "Reconstructing Beethoven's  Sketchbooks." Journal of the American  Musicological Society  25.2 (1975) : 138-160.
9. William Townsend.  "A Post-structural Approach to Linear Analysis" Music Theory Online  2(5) 1995 : 43 pp. Online. Internet. 24 Jan. 1996. 

 

Bibliography

(MLA Style)

Cook, Nicholas. A Guide to Musical Analysis.London: Dent, 1987.

Daniels, David. Orchestral Music: A Sourcebook.

                Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1972.

Forbes, Elizabeth. " Mallinger, Mathilde." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and

         Musicians. Stanley Sadie, ed. Vol. 11,  London: Macmillan, 1980.       

McCabe, John. Bartók Orchestral Music. 

London: BBC, 1974.

Pike, Lionel. "Robert Simpson's Symphonies."

Tempo 153.3 (1985) : 20-29.

Reid, Charles.  "Britain from Stanford to Vaughan Williams." In Choral Music.

       Arthur Jacobs, ed. London: Penguin, 1963.

Terminorum Musicae Index Septem Linguis Redactus. Kassell: Bärenreiter, 1978.

Tyson, Alan.  "Reconstructing Beethoven's  Sketchbooks." Journal of the American

          Musicological Society 25.2 (1975) : 138-160.

Woodward, Henry. "Musical Symbolism in the Vocal  Works  of  Johan Pachelbel."

           In Essays in Honor of Archibald Thompson Davidson.  Brian Simson, ed.

\xA0\xA0\xA0\xA0\xA0\xA0\xA0\xA0\xA0 Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.

Author Date Style (Harvard Style)

Author-date style, also called Harvard style, involves inserting the author's surname, date of publication and page numbers in brackets at the appropriate point in the text linked to a list of references at the end of the essay.

The following quotation from page 152 of William P. Malm's Japanese Music and Musical Instruments should be acknowledged as follows:  

The shakuhachi is unique in the manner in which its mouthpiece is constructed. It is cut obliquely outward, directly opposite to the Chinese manner. This is believed to be a Japanese innovation.(Malm 1959 : 152)

 

Any further references to Malm's Japanese Music and Musical Instruments continue in the same way - (Malm 1959 : 157) etc.

In a list of references at the end of the essay, arranged alphabetically  by  author, the source should be acknowledged as follows:

Malm, William P. 1959. Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. London: Prentice-Hall.

The following examples of citations for list of references at the end of the essay are based on the Chicago Manual of Style. 14th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)  copies of which are held in the Elder Music Library.

 In a hand written essay or assignment underlined titles have the same meaning as italics.  For example, Japanese Music and Musical Instruments has the same significance as Japanese Music and Musical Instruments .

Citation for a Book a single author

Sendry, Alfred. 1969. Music in Ancient Israel. London: Vision Press.

a second edition
Malm, William P. 1977. Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East and Asia. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

a book with an editor
Nanry, Charles, ed. 1974. American Music from Storyville to Woodstock. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.

a translation
Ribera, Julian. 1979. Music in Ancient Arabia and Spain. Trans. Eleanor Hague and Marion Leffingwell. New York: Da Capo Press.

a book with more than one author
Herndon, Marcia and Norma McLeod. 1980. Music as Culture. Darby, Pa.: Norwood Editions.

Citation for an Entry from a Dictionary

Well-known dictionaries of word meanings are usually cited by their title and  edition, followed by the entry term, preceded by 's.v.' (sub verbo - under the  word).

Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. s.v. 'concrete music.'

Citation for a Specific Section of a Book an article in a reference book

Koizumi, Fumio. 1980. "Biwa." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Stanley Sadie, ed. London: Macmillan. Vol. 2, 748-749.

a chapter in a book
Picken, Lawrence.  1957.  "The Music of Far Eastern Asia." The New Oxford History  of  Music. Ancient and Oriental Music.  Egon Wellesz, ed.  Oxford: Oxford  University Press.  Vol. 1, 83-133.

an essay in a collection of essays
Wild, Stephen. 1984.  "Warlbiri Music and Culture: Meaning in a Central Australian  Song Series."
Problems and Solutions: Occasional Essays in Musicology Presented to  Alice M. Moyle.
J.C.Kassler and J.Stubington, eds. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger. 41-53.

Citation for a Book with a Corporate Author

Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1988. Australian Biennale 1988: A View of World Art 1940-88.
Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Citation for a Book with an Anonymous Author

The World of Music.

1953. London: Viking Press.

Citation for a Journal Article

Qureshi, Regula. 1990. "Musical Gesture and Extra-Musical Meaning: Words and  Music in the Urdu Ghazal." Journal of the American Musicological Society 43 (3) : 457-497.

Citation for a Newspaper Article

Wolfe, Elias. 1972.  "Tribal Rituals in an Aboriginal Community." Sydney Morning  Herald, April 28.

Citation for a Thesis a published thesis

Neuman, Daniel M. 1974. The Cultural Structure and Social Organization of  Musicians in India. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.

an unpublished thesis
Cravath, Paul. 1985. Earth in Flower: An Historical and Descriptive Study of the  Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Hawaii.

Citation for a Lecture or Tutorial a lecture

Smith, Dylan. 1999. "Music of the Central Australian Aborigines." Lecture presented  at the University of Adelaide, 25 March.

a tutorial
Smith, Dylan. 1999. Tutorial on Australian Aborigines.  University of Adelaide, 26 March.

Citation for Information from the Internet

To cite Internet sites, communications and other information provide as much of the following information as is available and applicable:

•  - author's name
•  - date of publication or last revision
•  - full title of the document
•  - full title of the complete work
•  - the URL/address
•  - date accessed by you. 

WWW Site (World Wide Web)

Palmer, Henry. 1996. "Structuralist Theories."Analytical Ethnomusicology. http://www.nevada.edu/ethnomus/theories~analysis (12 December  1997).

Citation for an Electronic Journal

Zbikowski, Lawrence. 1995.  "Theories of Categorization and Theories of Music." Music Theory Online [electronic journal] 1(4);  available from mto-serv@husc.harvard.edu; Internet.

Citation for Information from a CD Rom

Fillmore, Henry. 1989.  "The New England of Charles Ives." New York Times 29 February. New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM. SilverPlatter. Oct 1993.

The Orchestra. The Instruments Revealed.  1991 CD-ROM.  Burbank: Warner New Media.

Citation for a Sound Recording

Howell, Louis. 1986. Folk Songs of the Illinois Ozarks.  LP record. Lyrichord LLST  65903.

- and accompanying written information
Layton, Charles M. 1986. Notes to Louis Howell Folk Songs of the Illinois Ozarks.  LP record. Lyrichord LLST 65903.

- a specific part of a recording
Cotten, Elizabeth. 1958. "Freight Train." Folksongs and Instrumentals with Guitar.  LP record.
Folkways Records, FG 3526. Side A, band 2.

Citation for Information from a Secondary Source

When quoting information already cited in a published source, both sources must be acknowledged, with the original source first, as follows:

In the text: (Bekker 1927 cited in Stringham 1943 : 27).

In the list of references :

Bekker, Paul. 1927. The Story of Music. New York: W.W.Norton.  Cited in  Edwin J. Stringham. Listening to Music Creatively.   Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1943.

Citation for a Field Recording

The essential elements of a citation for a field recording are:

Performer(s)/performing group;  title of the song/work/performance; field recording; place; date; recorded by (if not recorded by you).

Ganbuckbuck, David with Jeff Wandi (didgeridoo) 1989. Rain Invocation.  Field recording. Rose River, Northern Territory.

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Citation for a Music Score

Mendelssohn, Felix. Symphony no. 3, op.56, A major.  London: Eulenberg, 1976.

one work in a collection
Schubert, Franz. "Das Wandern" Die schöne Müllerin.First Vocal Album (High  Voice).New York: Schirmer, 1960.

Citation for a Film or Videorecording a film

The Musical .   Arthur Grove (director). Motion picture.  London: Granada, 1975.

a video
Malcolm Williamson - Down Under.  Brian Daniels (director). Videorecording. London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1976.

Citation for Information Communicated through Interviews or other Forms of Personal Communication

The following example of personal communications should be cited in the text of the essay as:

David Robinson (pers. com. 1989) has questioned the validity...
R. Davis (pers. com. 1992) asserts that ...
Even the composer himself, Joseph Hunt (pers. com. 1990), believes the work to be devoid of ...

and in the list of references  cited  as:

Davis, Robert. 1992.  Letter to author.  23 March.
Hunt, Joseph.  1990.  Telephone conversation with author. 4 November.
Robinson, David. 1989.  Interview with author. Tape recording, Adelaide, 26 April.

Notes

• When you paraphrase material you must make it clear from your reference  that you are giving a modified version of someone else's work in your own   words:    In a recent study (Davidson and Evans 1991) it was demonstrated that...
• Reference to material written by more than two authors should include  the surnames of all authors the first time the citation appears. In subsequent  citations include only the surname of the first author and the abbreviation  et al.  (meaning 'and others'):  A recent study (Roemer, Downes, Ewing and Watson 1989) indicates ...    The research previously cited (Roemer et al. 1989) confirms ...
• Reference to different authors with the same surname should be  distinguished by using the authors' initials or full names. In a recent paper  (D.G. Smith 1989) indicates .... but W.D. Smith      (1978) shows that ...
• References to two or more publications in the same year by a given author  should be distinguished by adding a, b, etc.:A recent study (Jones 1987b) has shown...        Recent studies (Jones 1985, 1987a  and b) have shown...

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References Cited Model

References Cited

(Author-Date Style)

Baily, John. 1981.  "A System of Modes used in the Urban Music of Afghanistan."
   Ethnomusicology 25 (1) : 1-27.
Cravath, Paul.  1985.  Earth in Flower: An Historical and Descriptive Study of the
    Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Hawaii.
Koizumi, Fumio. 1980. "Biwa." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
   Stanley Sadie, ed.  London: Macmillan. Vol. 2, 748-749.
Lomax. Amy. 1995. "Cultural Cognition in Music." Musicmedia.
   telnet://musicmedia.com:41562 (12 June 1996).
Malm, William P. 1977. Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East and Asia.
   2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Nettl, Bruno. 1964. Theory and Method in Ethnomusicology. London: Collier Macmillan.
The Orchestra. The Instruments Revealed.  1991.   CD-ROM.  Burbank: Warner New Media.
Palmer, Henry. 1996. "Structuralist Theories."Analytical Ethnomusicology.
     http://www.nevada.edu/ethnomus/theories~analysis (12 December  1997).
Ribera, Julian. 1979. Music in Ancient Arabia and Spain. Trans. Eleanor Hague and Marion  Leffingwell.
    New York: Da Capo Press.
Taruskin, Richard. 1988.  "The Pastness of the Present." Authenticity and Early Music.
     Nicholas Kenyon, ed. London: Oxford University Press. 46 - 58.
___________ . 1989.  "Communication." Journal of the American Musicological
     Society  42 (2) : 443-453.
Wolfe, Elias. 1972.  "Tribal Rituals in an Aboriginal Community." Sydney Morning
     Herald, April 28.
Zbikowski, Lawrence. 1995.  "Theories of Categorization and Theories of Music."
    Music Theory Online  [electronic journal] 1(4);  mto-serv@husc.harvard.edu; Internet.

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General Notes on Style and Presentation

Note carefully the difference in bibliographic description between an entire publication (for example a book), and part of a publication (for example a journal article or an essay in a collection of essays).  A book always has its title in italics, however, an article from a journal or an essay from a collection have their titles in standard lettering with quotation marks and the title of the journal or collection of essays in italics (or underlined).

Reference to musical works

When referring to a musical work in the text of an essay the title is italicized  (or underlined) if  the work is identified by name (e.g. Wagner's Gotterdämmerung) but not if a work is only identified by form, number and key (e.g. Beethoven's  Symphony no. 7 in A, op. 92).  However, when referring to a published version of the work then the title should be in italics  (or underlined).

A musical work which is part of a larger work - a song from a song cycle for example - should be cited in the same way as an essay in a collection of essays. Schubert, Franz. "Des Müllers Blumen" from Die schöne Müllerin. 

Edition numbers

A book with no edition number or name on its title page is usually a first  edition and there is no need for this to be indicated in a citation. When citing a later edition of a work it must be identified as such. For example, 2nd ed.,  4th ed., Rev. ed.  etc. as indicated on the title page of the book. 

Incomplete publishing details

No place of publication, no publisher and no date of publication are indicated as : n.p., n.p., and n.d. respectively. For example,  N.p. : Norton, 1966.  New York:  n.p., 1966. New York: Norton, n.d.

Incomplete page numbers

In cases where a page is not numbered it should be described as accurately as possible. For example, 'Diagram opposite page 61' or 'Opposite title page' etc.

Additional information, appendices and tables

Endnotes can also be used for amplification so that extra information can be added at the end of the essay without interrupting the flow of the text. Any lengthy material, however, should not be included in an endnote but placed as an appendix. A proper reference (e.g. See Appendix I) should be included at the appropriate point in the text. An appendix is attached to the end of the essay. Any material provided in the form of tables appended to an essay should also have a proper reference in the text of the essay (e.g. See Table I).

Tape recordings as part of assignments

Tape recordings submitted with essays should conform to the following:

• the tape must be identified with student's name and course,
• the tape must have a list of the title of  the recording(s) and their source, especially the side and track number,
• the tape must contain verbal identification of the examples e.g. Example 1,
• the text of the essay must contain a reference to the tape at the appropriate points e.g. Refer tape, example 1. 

Numbers

In presenting numbers in the text of an assignment the following general guidelines should be followed.

• Whole numbers from one to ninety-nine are spelled out in the text as well as any of these numbers followed by hundred, thousand, millionetc. in round figures.
• For numbers in excess of ninety-nine use figures except at the start of a sentence. The following         examples should clarify these guidelines.

The third edition comprised 6,425 pages in four volumes with 127 illustrations.
His thesis comprised fifteen thousand words.
One hundred and twenty-seven men, 136 women and thirty-three children attended the ceremony.
 

Non-English words

Non English words should be presented in italics. As there are many musical terms which originated in other languages, always use a recognized dictionary as a standard (e.g.Shorter Oxford Dictionary) to determine whether a word should be in italics.

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of using an author's ideas or expressions in your essay and presenting them as though they were your own.

The University's 'Statement and Definition of Plagiarism and Related Forms of Cheating' is reproduced here from the University of Adelaide Calendar, Volume IV.   Plagiarism is expressly prohibited by Statute Chapter XVII  (University of Adelaide Calendar Volume I)... which  states under Section 2: 'No candidate shall submit for  assessment, whether by examination or otherwise, any  piece of work which is not entirely the candidate's own,  except where ... [the] use of the words or ideas of others  is appropriate and is duly acknowledged...  The University regards plagiarism as a very serious offence.  At the very  least it is a misuse of  academic conventions; where it is deliberate and systematic, plagiarism is cheating and  false pretences...' The most common form of plagiarism is reproducing someone else's sentence, or paraphrasing their text as your own work.

The MLA Style Manual indicates other forms of  plagiarism can  include:   ... repeating another's particularly apt phrase without appropriate acknowledgement, paraphrasing someone else's argument as your own, introducing another's line of thinking as your own development of an idea,  and failing to cite the source for a borrowed thesis or approach.  (MLA 4)

The penalties for plagiarism are severe and usually result in failure for the essay or assignment for the first offence. Harsher penalties apply for subsequent offences.