1. Using examples, outline the ways in which the late Roman reliefs on public monuments changed in style and composition from the mid-second to fourth centuries A.D.

2. Compare the wall-paintings of both the synagogue and the Christian meeting-house at Dura-Europos with contemporary and fourth century wall-paintings in Rome.

3. Outline the major changes in the style and forms of Roman metalware and glassware from the second to fourth centuries A.D.

4. Either:

a) Describe using examples, the major changes in architecture ion the Later Roman Empire.

or:

b) Late Roman architecture, especially the fourth and fifth centuries, has been seen as largely inept or careless. To what extent is this justified by the evidence and what are the possible explanations for it?

5. To what extent was early Christian art innovative? Use examples to support your argument.

6. To what extent can we speak of a 'Constantinian renaissance', and if so, what were its characteristics? Include in your discussion examples from at least three different media.

7. 'In late antiquity everything changes. Rhetoric turns dark and expressionistic, and the style of politics becomes authoritarian and sublime ... For a long time, historians, misled by this, believed that the population of the Empire, urban life, production, the monetary economy, and the authority of the government all suffered a serious decline. Such is the power of style to deceive.' Paul Veyne, A History of Private Life.

Discuss this in the light of the evolution of imperial portraiture and imperial monuments in Late Antiquity.

8. Discuss and compare the Romanisation of either Syro-Palestinian or Egyptian art with that of Roman Gaul.

Later Roman Art & Architecture (4612/5648) November 1994

Time: two hours
(In addition, candidates are allowed ten minutes,before the examination begins, to read the paper)

Three questions should be attempted.
At least one must be from Section A, and one from Section B. The third question may be chosen from either A or B.

SECTION A

1. Discuss the evolution of mosaics or wall-paintings in terms of their style and application in the Later Empire.

2. Outline and compare the evolution of TWO of the following cities in the Late Roman world:
Baalbek Petra Karanis Dura-Europos Jerash Ephesos.

3. How did the medium of ivory or silverware reflect wider stylistic changes from the third to the sixth centuries A.D.?

4. Outline the major trends in pottery and glassware under the Empire.

SECTION B

5. Was there such a thing as a 'Theodosian renaissance'? Use examples to support your argument.

6. Discuss the relationship between imperial iconography and Christian iconography.

7. To what extent was the art of either Gaul or Egypt 'romanised' under Imperial rule?

8. Either

a) Discuss Compare the changing style of imperial sculpture with that of public architecture in the third and early fourth centuries A.D.

or

b) Outline the major changes in Roman architecture from the third to fifth centuries A.D.