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Using PubMed
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| Population | Intervention | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| osteoporosis | bisphosphonates | jaw osteonecrosis |
Check in the MeSH database to make sure that you have at least one MeSH in each column.
Osteoporosis is a MeSH.
You should enter this in your PICO Logic Grid as osteoposis[mh]
This will ensure that PubMed searches for your term as a MeSH.
Scroll down the MeSH database site to look at the Entry Terms.
Entry Terms are useful for suggesting to you synonyms or alternative terms that might be used in the abstracts and titles of articles that don't yet have osteoporosis as a Medical Subject Heading.
From these terms you might like to add osteoporoses, bone loss, and bone losses to your PICO grid.
If you add [tiab] after a search term
| Population | Intervention | Outcome |
| osteoporosis[mh] | bisphosphonates | jaw osteonecrosis |
| osteoporosis[tiab] | ||
| osteoporoses[tiab] | ||
| bone loss[tiab] | ||
| bone losses[tiab] |
Continue to check on MeSH and alternative terms for bisphosphonates and jaw necrosis
Remember to check more specific MeSH and Entry Terms for synonyms.
We'll need to divide outcomes into two columns.
One column to cover the concept of jaws, and another for the concept of osteonecrosis.
Check the MeSH for each of these and look at any Entry Terms that might be used by authors in the titles or abstracts of their articles and add these to the PICO grid.
| osteoporosis[mh] | bisphosphonates[tiab] | jaw[mh] | osteonecrosis[mh] |
| osteoporosis[tiab] | diphosphonates[mh] | jaw[tiab] | osteonecrosis[tiab] |
| osteoporoses[tiab] | diphosphonates[tiab] | jaws[tiab] | osteonecroses[tiab] |
| bone loss[tiab] | alendronate[tiab] | ||
| bone losses[tiab] | fosamax[tiab] |
I haven't included all the possible terms in this grid.
What other terms could be added under jaw?
Truncation
You can save a bit of typing by using truncation of terms.
Instead of searching osteoporosis[tiab] OR osteoporoses[tiab]
you can type osteoporos*[tiab]
This will find all the terms in the titles or abstracts of citations that begin with the letters o-s-t-e-o-p-o-r-o-s
Logic
Use OR logic and AND logic to develop the search.
All the terms in a single column can be linked by OR and enclosed in round brackets.
Combine the lists of words from the different columns using AND.
Your search becomes
(osteoporosis[mh] OR osteoporos*[tiab] OR bone loss*[tiab]) AND (bisphosphonates[tiab] OR diphosphonates[mh]
OR diphosphonates[tiab] OR alendronate[tiab] OR fosamax[tiab])
AND (jaw[mh] OR jaw*[tiab]) AND (osteonecrosis[mh] OR osteonecros*[tiab])
In PubMed, logic is processed from left to right.
To make sure that PubMed processes your logic the way you want, enclose the terms linked by OR in round brackets ( ).
Logic enclosed in round brackets is processed before logic outside the brackets.
Enter your search in the Search for box of PubMed, not in the MeSH database.
citations found by searches are initially displayed in Summary form. This includes
article title
author(s)
abbreviated journal title and publication details
a PubMed Identification number and stage of indexing
a link to similar articles
To change the display format,
click on the black triangle to the right of the Display indicator.
Point and click on the format that suits.
e.g. abstract
The results will display in the new format.
Abstract Display
The Abstract display includes bibliographic details and an abstract if one is available.
Abstract displays may include Uni of Adelaide Online icons for full text article retrieval.
Citation Display
Citation Display is the same as Abstract with the addition of indexing (e.g. Publication type, MeSH, & Substances) when they are available.
Medline Display
The Medline display is used for bibliographic database management systems such as EndNote, Reference Manager, and Papyrus etc.
It doesn't include full text icons.
Full text of Articles
PubMed search results may include an icon for electronic full text of journal articles, in the Abstract and Citation display formats. Access to the full text depends on having a subscription to the electronic journal, or the journal being freely available. If you are using the Uni of Adelaide Library version of PubMed you should find Uni of Adelaide Online icons for full text of articles where there is an online subscription.
Note however that not all Uni of Adelaide Library subscriptions produce an icon. Some online full text journals don't generate an icon on PubMed, and journals held at BSL in print don't produce icons.
To find full text of articles that don't have online icons search for the title of the journal in the Library Catalogue.
You'll need to find the full title of the journal in which the article is published.
To do this point at the abbreviated journal title in PubMed with your cursor.
Don't click.
The full title will soon appear.
You can find some free journals at
BioMed Central
FreeMedicalJournals.com
Highwire Press Free Online Full-text Articles
PubMed Central
You can limit your retrieval to those journals that are free to everyone on PubMed. See Free Full Text in the limits section.
There are several ways to search particular fields of PubMed.
PubMed is set up to recognize authors names and you can type in surname a space and up to two initials in the 'Search for' box.
Click on Go.
PubMed usually recognizes the form of an author's name, and searches the Author index automatically.
If you know more than one author's name you can combine them using AND logic
Try a search for G.C. Townsend and A.N. Goss.
Click on PubMed on the Databases bar.
Click on the Journals Database link in the blue margin on the left of the screen.
The Journals Database screen appears.
You can enter
the full title, the PubMed abbreviation of the title, or the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
Click on Go.
On the next screen you'll find the full title, and ISSN.
Click on Links and choose PubMed to find all the articles from this journal in the PubMed database.
The PubMed citations appear.
PubMed has several ways of reducing the number of citations found to manageable levels. You should always be aware with this that you may lose important articles. There are cases of patient damage resulting from inadequate searching where vital articles were lost because limits were imposed. In some instances searches should be made more comprehensive by including pre electronic sources such as older printed Index to Dental Literature, Index Medicus and Excerpta Medica prior to 1960.
Using a Mesh search on tooth bleaching, click on Limits.
Several options are available to limit the number of citations found.
Limit by adding an author name, journal name, or limiting to articles with full text or with abstracts
.
Limit by date, species, gender, language, or subsets
You might find it useful to limit by the subset Dental journals.
Click in the box to the left of Dental journals, select any other limits you want and then click on the Go button.
Although you can lose important articles limiting to Dental journals, this is one way of removing irrelevant citations when other disciplines use the same terms (e.g. implants, restoration, oral etc.).
Limit by Publication Type or Ages
Click in as many boxes to the left of the limits as you want.
PubMed will use OR logic to combine limits from either Type of Article, or Ages, but will use AND logic to combine across the columns.
Ages limits are also MeSH and can be added to your PICO grid.
Major Topics (Major MeSH)
You can limit your search to articles where your topic is a major aspect. First ensure that your search is using only MeSH.
Click on Limits.
Scroll down to Tag Terms.
Click on the drop down menu.
Scroll down and click on Major MeSH Topic.
Add any other limits you want.
Click on the Go button.
Once you have set limits they will remain in place for later searches (see the limits in the yellow band below the search box). To remove limits, click on the tick in the box in the Limits tab.
Limiting by Major MeSH is also available when using the MeSH Database.
In a search developed from a logic grid you can limit a search to Major MeSH by adding the tag [majr]
tooth bleaching[majr] AND dentin sensitivity[mh]
You can restrict your citations to those that are likely to be useful for EBP by using Clinical Queries, or Systematic Reviews.
PubMed has developed several strategies for finding EBP info using filters called Clinical Queries.
Click on Clinical Queries on the left hand side of the screen.
Click on Search by Clinical Study Category (or scroll down the screen a little)
You have 5 categories to choose from, with two levels of emphasis.
Click in a button to decide on category, and then choose either sensitivity or specificity.
Type in your search terms with appropriate logical operators.
Click on Go.
You can restrict searches in PubMed to systematic reviews. The article citations retrieved can include Cochrane Library systematic reviews.
Type your terms in the Search box.
Click on Go.
Your search will find systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, consensus development conferences, and guidelines.
An alternative way of searching using this filter is to add AND systematic [sb] to your searches in PubMed's Search for box. This will produce the same result as above.
The [sb] means that the search is restricted to the subset of PubMed that in this case includes systematic review literature.
This search will be more specific than either the sensitivity or specificity searches of the other Clinical Queries.
My NCBI is the place where you can hold saved searches and easily check on new citations added to the database since you last ran your search.
Register a password.
Return to PubMed and run your search.
Click on Save Search.
Give your search a name and click on the Save button.
You can request email alerts for your search.
PubMed uses a weighted algorithm based on title words, abstract words, and MeSH to find other articles in PubMed that are similar to those you have already found.
Click on the Related Articles link at the bottom of a PubMed reference.
PubMed will produce a list of all articles 'related' to the parent article.
The parent article is always listed first.
Click in the box to the left of a reference to select it for display, saving, printing, email, or RSS feed.
A tick will appear in the box.
To save all the citations you found select none of them.
Exporting to EndNote
EndNote is a bibliographic database management system that will organise your citations and make writing your thesis easier.
To save citations from PubMed to EndNote first select those citations you want to keep.
Change the display format to MEDLINE.
Click on the black triangle button at the end of the Send to box.
Click on File.
You'll get a dialogue box that you can use to save the file.
There is no direct export from PubMed to EndNote so make sure the button to the left of Save File has a dot inside it before you click OK.
In the next dialogue box you can change the name of the file and decide where you want to save it.
Retain the file extension .txt.
Click on the button below to view the animated tutorial on importing into EndNote.
(This animation will work best using a display of 1024 by 768 pixels)
Click on the button below to see a demonstration of using EndNote cite while you write.
This will show you how to add citations to your thesis or journal articles.
For detailed information on using EndNote, the Library has a web site that includes a very useful tutorial, and an import filters site.
You can add up to 500 citations to the Clipboard of PubMed from several different searches.
Select citations from a search to add to Clipboard.
(Click in the selection box at the upper left of each ref you want. A tick will appear)
Click on Clipboard from the Send to pull down menu.
You can now do another search and save the citations to the Clipboard in the same way.
To view all your citations held in the Clipboard click on the Clipboard tab.
The saved refs from all your searches will appear in a single set with any duplicates removed.
To clear the Clipboard use the Send to pull down menu, click on Clip Remove.
Clipboard items are automatically removed after 8 hours of inactivity.
Select the items you want to email.
Use the pull down Send to menu and select E-mail.
On the following screen change the format as required.
Using HTML will ensure that you can use the Related Articles links, this isn't possible if you change this to Text.
Make sure that you change the number of items to send to a number as big or greater than the number of articles you've saved.
Include the email address for delivery and click on the Mail button.
The Evidents Search Engine uses a modified PICO procedure and a search algorithm to find PubMed citations for those who have trouble remembering all the ins and outs of the PubMed database.
Evidents Search Engine for use in PubMed
Click on the button below to find PubMed searches on these study types
Add your search terms using AND.
PubMed Tutorial The official tutorial from the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
It uses animation software that you can easily download.
Other Sources of Evidence Based Practice Materials
AIDS Meetings (meeting abstracts),
Health Services Research Meetings (meeting abstracts),
Space Life Sciences Meetings (meeting abstracts), andHSRProj (research projects in progress).
Maureen Bell's Evidence Based Practice site A Barr Smith Library compilation of evidence based practice sites including databases, articles, and sites about evidence based practice
Back to the Library's Evidence Based Dentistry Part 1 The Introduction
Back to the Library's Evidence Based Dentistry Part 3 Using Cochrane Library
