Personal Protective Equipment FAQs

Below is a list of frequently asked questions relating to personal protective equipment (PPE).

Please scroll down the list to locate the FAQ you need.

Personal protective equipment - eye & face protection

The purpose of these FAQs is to assist users with the selection use and maintenance of suitable eye and face protection equipment if required by a risk assessment, in accordance with the HSW Handbook Chapter Hazard Management.

(Printable version)

  • When should eye and/or face protection be considered as a control measure?

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is the least effective control measure as it does nothing to minimise the underlying hazard.  PPE relies on human behaviour and supervision. 

    For these reasons higher level controls must first be considered for example, the:

    • isolation of the hazardous operation;
    • installation of suitable screens or guards to shield from flying fragments, particles or radiation;
    • use of exhaust hoods or booths to extract dust, gases or fumes;
    • damping down of dusty areas using water sprays;
    • use of catchments, splash guards and baffles to confine dangerous liquids.

    Where a risk of injury or illness still remains after all other control measures have been applied, the Supervisor/Person in control of the area/activity may be able to further minimise the remaining risk, by the provision and use of suitable PPE to prevent damage to the eyes and face.  Refer WHS Regulations 2012 (SA) [36].

    Generally this would be applied as a result of:

    1. the Supervisor/Person in control of the area/activity mandating the use of eye and/or face protectors when working in or passing through an area, based on a reasonable assessment of the hazards in the area; or
    2. a risk assessment for a task which requires eye and/or face protection as a control measure.

    Where eye and/or face protection has been mandated, there is a responsibility to ensure it is being worn.  This is the responsibility of the Supervisor/Person in control of the area/activity and the worker.

  • Can I use my prescription glasses as eye protection?

    Standard prescription glasses e.g. reading glasses are not considered suitable for eye protection as they do not provide any side protection.  Standard prescription glasses may be worn when also wearing safety glasses which have been designed to fit over the top of prescription glasses.

    Prescription safety glasses can be obtained from an optometrist.  Prescription safety glasses must be manufactured to meet the requirements of AS/NZS 1337.6 (2012) “Personal eye protection – Prescription eye protectors against low and medium impact”.

  • Are there additional eye protection precautions for workers who wear contact lenses?

    The wearing of contact lenses under eye and face protectors is satisfactory in most situations provided that the wearer has been provided with the appropriate level of information and instruction.  However, some situations could be more hazardous when contact lenses are worn e.g. where the hazard is dust or harmful liquids, gases or vapours. 

    An analysis is necessary to evaluate the suitability of contact lens wear in such circumstances.

    Staff and students are to inform their supervisor if wearing contact lenses to ensure appropriate protection is in place.

  • What are some examples of hazards that require eye protection?

    Please refer to Table 1 and Table 2 for a list of hazardous activities and options to control the hazards arising from them.

    Table 1

    Hazardous activities and recommended eye protectors
    (extract from AS/NZS 1336 Eye and face protection - Guidelines)

    Typical processes giving rise to eye hazards Hazard (of the process) Typical methods of controlling hazards Suitable type of eye protectors (See Table 2)
    Workshop and Trade Work
    Manual chipping, riveting, spalling, hammering, handling wire and brick cutting Flying fragments and objects with low velocity or low mass Fixed or mobile screens

    Low impact (optionally marked S)

    Note: Medium impact (marked I or F) and high impact (marked V or B) and extra high impact (marked A) will give greater  protection
    Machine disc cutting of materials, scaling, grinding and machining metals, certain wood working operations, stone dressing Small flying particles with medium velocity or medium mass Fixed or mobile screens, exhaust systems, dust extractors, water

    Medium impact (marked I or F)

    Note: High impact (marked V or B) and extra high impact (marked A) will give greater protection
    Use of explosive powered tools High velocity particles Fixed or mobile screens

    High impact (marked V or B).  Note

    extra high impact (marked A) will give greater protection
    Timber sanding, textile trades, some chemical works, leather buffing Airborne dusts For indoor work - exhaust systems, dust extractors, suction conveyors
    For outdoor work - damping down of work area, sealing of dusty surfaces, use of large fixed or mobile screens

    Dust resistant (marked D or 4)

    Gas resistant (marked G or 5)
    Pickling baths, metal cleaning, plating, handling corrosives Liquid splash of harmful liquids and corrosives Screens, catchments, splashguards, overflows, tilting apparatus and splash trays

     

     

    Splash resistant (marked C or 3)
    Chemical processes, spray painting, aerosols Hazardous gases or vapours Enclosures and exhaust systems, screens, catchments Gas resistant (marked G or 5)
    Chemical processes, spray painting, aerosols Hazardous liquid splashes Splashguards, overflows, tilting apparatus and splash trays Splash resistant (marked C or 3)
    Welding, cutting, brazing, furnace work Visible, Ultra Violet and Infra Red radiation Fixed or mobile screens

    Marked in accordance with AS/NZS 1338 Parts 1, 2 or 3 as appropriate

    Overhead cutting and welding, metal gouging, forging Non-ionizing radiation with hot solids Fixed or mobile screens complying with AS/NZS 3597 Welding goggles or welding helmets complying with AS/NZS 1338.1
    Gas welding producing flying sparks Non-ionizing radiation with hot solids Fixed or mobile screens complying with AS/NZS 3597 Welding goggles or welding helmets with rearward facing indirect ventilation, with filters complying with AS/NZS 1338.1
    OTHER WORK      
    Outdoors

    Sunglare

    Solar ultraviolet radiation
    Suitable screens or sunshades

    Low impact (optionally marked S or medium impact (marked I or F) and tinted

    Low impact or medium impact (marked I or F) if tinted, or outdoor untinted (marked O)
    Dental treatment Flying particles, liquid droplets, blue light cure High velocity evacuation Low impact (with lateral protection if spectacles) optionally marked S)
    Biological hazards Liquid (biological and chemical splashes Splashguards, overflows, tilting apparatus and splash trays Splash resistance (marked C or 3) and chemically resistant materials
    Laser based surgical procedures Optical and thermal hazard Physical barriers and administrative controls

    Refer to AS1337.4 and AS 1337.5 “Eye and face protection”, AS/NZS IEC 60825 “Safety of laser products” and AS/NZS 4173 “Safe use of lasers and intense light sources in health care”

    Medical and veterinary hazards where infection control is the issue e.g. medical and veterinary practices (biological and zoonotic diseases)

    Biological splash

    Droplet infection

    Direct contamination
    Physical barriers and administrative controls

    Goggles (indirectly vented, marked C)

    Faceshields (used in addition to goggles)

    Table 2

    Recommended eye protectors to control residual risk

    Identification of eye protector and eye protector marking See AS/NZS 1337) Type of eye protector Purpose and application of eye protection
    Low Impact
    Low impact

    1.  Safety spectacles

    Optional S
    Frontal protection to the eyes from low energy flying fragments and objects. Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.  Metal frames not suitable for electrical hazards.

    2.  Safety spectacles with lateral protection

    Optional S
    As for 1, but additional protection provided

    3.  Wide vision goggles, with direct ventilation

    Optional S

    As for 2 but additional protection required

    4.  Safety clip-ons

    Optional S
    As for 1

    5.  Eye cup goggles

    Optional S
    As for 2

    6.  Coverall goggles with direct ventilations

    Optional S
    As for 2, can be worn over prescription spectacles

    7.  Wide vision goggles with direct ventilation

    Optional S
    As for 2, some types may be worn over prescription spectacles

    8.  Eyeshield

    Optional S
    Protection to the eyes from low energy flying fragments and small particles.  Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare

    9.  Faceshield

    Optional S
    Protection provided to eyes face, forehead and front of neck from low energy flying fragments and small particles.  Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.

    10.  Spectacles, goggles, eyeshields and faceshields with mesh oculars

    Optional S
    Used in a humid environment where fogging of oculars is a particular problem.  Used for protection against low impact larger projectiles only.

    11.  Goggles all types (5,6 and 7) with indirect ventilation

    Optional S, C or 3, D or 4
    As for 7, splash or dust protection where marked

    12.  Hoods and helmets incorporating an eyeshield or a faceshield

    Optional S, C or 3, D or 4

    All round protection to the eyes, head and neck from flying fragments and small particles.  Respiratory protection may be provided (see AS/NZS 1715 “Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment” and AS ISO 16900 “Respiratory protective devices”.  Splash or dust protection where marked.

    Medium Impact
      13.  Wide vision spectacles (I or F) Frontal and side protection to the eyes from medium energy flying particles. Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.
    14.  Wide vision goggles, with direct ventilation  (I or F) All round' protection to the eyes from medium energy flying particles. Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.

    15.  Wide vision goggles with indirect ventilation

    (I or F)

    All round' protection to the eyes from medium energy flying particles. Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.

    16.  Eyeshields

    Provide protection to the eyes, upper face and forehead from medium energy flying particles. Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.
    17.  Faceshields  (I or F) Provide protection to the eyes, face, forehead and front of neck from medium energy flying particles. Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.
    18.  Wide vision spectacles, goggles, eyeshields and faceshields with mesh oculars  (I or F) Used in a humid environment where fogging of oculars is a particular problem.  Used for protection against low and medium impact larger projectiles only.
    19.  Hoods and helmets incorporating an eye shield or face shield (I or F) 'All round' protection to the eyes, head and neck from medium energy flying particles.  Filters will provide a degree of protection from glare.
    High Impact
     

    20.  Face shield

    (V or B)

    As for 17.  Also from high energy flying fragments and small particles.

      21.  Face shields with mesh oculars  (V or B) Used in a humid environment where fogging of oculars is a particular problem.  Used for protection against low, medium and high impact larger projectiles only.
    Extra high impact
      22.  Face shields  (A) As for 21.  Also from extra high energy flying fragments and small particles.
      23.  Faceshields with mesh oculars  (V or B) Used in a humid environment where fogging of oculars is a particular problem.  Used for protection against low, medium and high impact larger projectiles only.
    Specific Substances
    Molten metal

    24.  Face shield and wire mesh screens with plastic oculars

    (M or 9)
    See impact protectors 17.  Also providing protection from molten metal and hot solids.
    Splashes 25.  Wide vision spectacles (Appropriate impact grade) For use with minor splashes of relatively innocuous chemicals where the risk has been evaluated as acceptably low.  The fit should be close to the face.

    26.  Wide vision goggles.  With indirect ventilation

    (C or 3)
    Protection as for Item 11, and also providing protection from harmful liquids.
    27.  Eyeshields (C or 3) Protection as for Item 8 or 16, and also providing protection from harmful liquids or splashing materials.

    28.  Face shield or hood

    (C or 3)
    Protection as for Item 9 or 12, and also providing protection from harmful liquids and splashing materials.
    Dust 29.  Goggles, all types, with indirect ventilation (D or 4) Protection as for item 11, and also providing protection against dust particles and aerosols.
    Gas 30.  Goggles, all types, without ventilation  (G or 5) Protection as for Item 11, and also providing protection against harmful gases and vapours.
    Specific Substances
    Non-ionising

    31.  Safety spectacles with filters and opaque lateral protection

    Shade Number and code number (if applicable)

    Depending on filter used will provide protection, e.g. for welders' assistants against ultraviolet or infrared radiation.

    (a) AS 1338.1, Table 2.2 for gas welding filters (up to shade 3).

    (b) AS 1338.2 for ultraviolet filters.

    (c) AS 1338.3 for infrared filters.

    32.  Goggle all types with opaque frames, and with indirect ventilation

    Shade number and code number (if applicable)

    Depending on filter used will provide protection for gas welding and ultraviolet or infrared radiation. For recommended filters, see

    (a) AS 1338.1, Table 2.2 for gas welding filters

    (b) AS 1338.2 for ultraviolet filters

    (c) AS 1338.3 for infrared filters

    33.  Welding helmets all types and hand shields

    Shade number and code number (if applicable)
    Depending on filter used will provide protection for arc welding. For recommended filters, see AS 1338.1 for Arc welding filters.
    Ionising radiation   Refer to the HSW Handbook chapter Radiation Safety for further information. 
  • What information/instruction is required for eye and face protection?

    The Supervisor/Person in control of the activity/area is required to provide all persons with the relevant level of information and instruction where eye and face protectors are required to be worn prior to commencing the work for the first time. 

    (Refer to the HSW Handbook chapter “Provision of information, instruction and training” for further information.)

  • What are the requirements for the issue and fitting of eye and face protectors?

    The Supervisor/Person in control of the activity/area is to arrange for the appropriate type of eye and face protection based on the activity and the appropriate fit and size for the wearer.

    Eye and face protectors may be issued in any of the following ways:

    • For exclusive use by one person;
    • For temporary use by a person for a particular task;
    • For temporary use by a visitor.

    The choice between an issue for exclusive use by one person and temporary issue to different people will depend on the frequency and duration of exposure to hazards, and the type of eye and face protector provided.  In general, the issue for exclusive use by one person is recommended.

  • What are the maintenance requirements for eye and face protection?

    Where workers are required to wear eye and face protection, the Supervisor/Person in control of the area/activity is required to:

    • provide proper facilities for storage, cleaning, servicing and replacement;
    • have in place a system to ensure that all workers are familiar with the arrangements for cleaning, repairing and replacing damaged or faulty equipment;

    have in place a system to ensure that all eye and face protectors are checked at regular intervals to ensure it continues to minimise the risk to the worker who uses it.

  • What are the specific requirements for eye and face protection against ultraviolet and infrared radiation?

    The AS/NZS 1336 “Eye and face protection – guidelines (Section 5 and 6) sets out the requirements for activities such as:

    • Spot welding;
    • Gas welding and cutting;
    • Arc welding and cutting operations (including stray radiation processes nearby);
    • Working outside and exposure to solar radiation;
    • Laser use.
  • What are the requirements for signage where eye and/or face protection is mandatory prior to entering an area?

    Where eye and/or face protection is mandatory prior to entering an area, appropriate signage complying with AS 1319 (1994) “Safety signs for the occupational environment” must be displayed.

    This is a sample of some approved safety signs under AS 1319 (1994) “Safety signs for the occupational environment”.  

    You must ensure any signage you purchase or install meets this standard. 

    PPE face protection

    Face protection to be worn

    Eye protection sign 1

    Eye protection to be worn

  • Where can I obtain further information?

Personal protective equipment - hand and arm protection

The purpose of these FAQs is to assist supervisors in the:

  • selection of occupational gloves; and
  • management of hazards which could cause a hand/arm injury at work.

Specific requirements may be outlined in the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2012 (SA) and Approved Codes of Practice.  The references to the standards and resources have been included in these FAQs.

These FAQs should be read in conjunction with the HSW Handbook Chapter Hazard Management.

PPE is the least effective control measure and must not be relied on to satisfy hazard control requirements.  This is because users have to remember to wear it, and it does nothing to minimise the underlying hazard.  For these reasons, higher level controls must first be considered.

(Printable version)

Personal protective equipment - head and face protection

The purpose of these FAQs is to provide information on personal protective equipment (PPE) which may be required to minimise an head or face risk at work.
Specific requirements may be outlined in the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2012 (SA) and Approved Codes of Practice.  The references to the standards and resources have been included in these FAQs.
This information should be read in conjunction with the Hazard Management Handbook chapter.
Personal Protective Equipment is the least effective control measure.  This is because users have to remember to wear it, and it does nothing to minimise the underlying hazard.  For these reasons, higher level controls must first be considered.

(Printable version)

  • When should head and/or face protection be considered as a control measure?

    Where a risk of injury or illness still remains after all other control measures have been applied, a School/Branch may be able to further minimise the remaining risk, by the provision and use of suitable PPE to prevent damage to the head and/or face. Refer WHS Regulations 2012 (SA) [36].

    Generally this would be applied as a result of:

    • the School/Branch mandating the use of head and/or face protection upon entry to the area as a general precaution such as in a workshop or laboratory, based on a reasonable assessment of the hazards in the area.
    • a risk assessment for a task or process, e.g. the use of hazardous chemicals where specific PPE would be prescribed to manage the hazard e.g. type of goggles, face shield, hood or helmet, screens or exhaust systems.  This risk assessment should take into account the environment that the worker is in e.g. communicating with others in the area who may also need to wear PPE.


    Typically head protection would be considered as a control measure where there is a risk of a person:

    • being struck on the head by a falling object;
    • striking his/her head against a fixed object; or
    • making head contact with electrical hazards.


    Typically  face protection would be considered as a control measure where a person may be at risk of coming into contact with:

    • hazardous chemicals, infectious substances, gasses or vapours (e.g. being splashed);
    • flying objects (e.g. where tools or machines may cause particles or debris to fly);
    • UV radiation (e.g. from welding or excessive exposure to direct sunlight);
    • excessive heat.

    Where head and/or face protection is mandatory in an area, appropriate signage complying with AS 1319 (1994) “Safety signs for the occupational environment” must be displayed.

  • What types of head and/or face protection are available?

    From AS/NZS 1800:1998 “Occupational protective helmets – Selection, care and use”

    • Type 1—Industrial: This type of helmet was formerly known as the industrial safety helmet.
      It is suitable for work in the construction industry and engineering.
    • Type 2 — High temperature workplaces.
    • Type 3 — Bushfire fighting.

    NOTE:  Different optional or additional design and performance requirements are specified in AS/NZS 1801 (1997) “Occupational protective helmets”.  They may be specifically requested by a user, e.g. a Type 1 helmet intended to be worn by people engaged in underground mining may have retro-reflective marking and use specific accessories (see AS/NZS 1800:1998- Appendix A).

    In some cases, the helmet is not intended to be used by itself but only together with other personal protective equipment, such as with a face shield and a powered air purifying respirator.  In order for the respirator to comply with AS/NZS 1716 “Respiratory protective devices” and the face shields to comply with AS/NZS 1337 “Personal eye protection”, all components of the system should be used together. The manufacturer’s instructions should be followed, especially as to the compatibility of spare parts.

  • What are the best techniques for care of safety helmets?

    From AS/NZS 1800:1998 “Occupational protective helmets – Selection, care and use”

    • Follow the manufacturer's cleaning and maintenance instructions.
    • Destroy any helmets that receive any significant impact, damage or deterioration to the shell.  
      (Attention is drawn to the fact that helmets complying with AS/NZS 1801 (1997) “Occupational protective helmets” are required to contain a safety warning regarding damage due to impact and deterioration.)
    • Discard any helmets with excessive discolouration of the shell colour, weathering of the surface which may indicate a loss of strength, with splitting or cracking of the material.
    • Mark the helmet with the date of issue to the wearer.
    • Note: field tests have shown helmet shells generally have a life of at least three years from the time of issue. Components of harnesses (webbing support inside the helmet) may deteriorate more rapidly in service and harnesses should, therefore, be replaced at intervals not longer than two years.  For helmets that are used infrequently and stored away from sunlight, dirt and temperature extremes, this guideline/recommendation may not be applicable.
  • What should I avoid doing to safety helmets to improve their longevity?

    The following practices are considered detrimental to the safe working life and performance of the helmet and should be avoided:

    • Storage or placement of helmets near any window, particularly the rear window of motor vehicles through which excessive heat can be generated.  NOTE: Helmets placed on the rear window ledge of motor vehicles may also become dangerous missiles in the event of an accident or when sudden braking occurs.
    • The helmet may be damaged and rendered ineffective by petroleum and petroleum products, cleaning agents, paints or adhesives and similar products, without the damage being visible to the user.  Before any application of adhesive tape, advice should be sought to ensure that the tape adhesive will not degrade the shell material.  Generally, self-adhesive pads or stickers have been found not to affect the shell material adversely.
    • Aerosol sprays, such as insect repellents, may also damage and render the helmet ineffective without the damage being visible to the user.
    • Alteration, distortion or damage to the shell, e.g. splits and cracks, or to the harness, especially if such alteration reduces the clearance between the shell and the wearer’s head (Note – harness refers to the complete assembly by which the helmet is maintained in position on the head).
    • The use of safety helmets for any other purpose than that for which they are designed, e.g. as seats, liquid receptacles or wheel chocks.
    • The practice of carrying any object inside the helmet when it is being worn, e.g. cigarette lighters, matches, pens or disposable respirators.
    • The use of a harness (webbing support inside the helmet) other than that specified by the manufacturer, i.e. another make or model.
  • Can I alter a safety helmet?

    Any unauthorised alterations to helmets, e.g. drilling of holes in helmets, should not be made, as such alterations:

    Accordingly, where alterations to a helmet are contemplated, advice should be sought from the manufacturer.

  • What instruction may be needed for head and face protection?

    Where a risk assessment control measure includes the requirement to wear or use head and/or face protection, it is important that workers are instructed by their Manager/Supervisor or the person who is directing the work, on the nature of the work and how to implement the control measures. Instructions should also include the selection of a suitable size, fit and comfort for the individual, prior to commencing the activity.

    Instruction could be provided either:

    • during the local induction if the task/activity is conducted on a regular basis; or
    • prior to conducting the activity if it is a new task/activity.  
  • Who is responsible for the maintenance requirements for head and face protection?

    Where workers are required to wear head and/or face protection, the School/Branch is required under WHS Regulation 44 to ensure that the equipment is maintained, repaired and/or replaced so that it continues to minimise the risk to the worker who uses it. This includes ensuring that the PPE is clean and hygienic.

    Where a maintenance regime for any PPE exists, refer to the Schedule of Programmable Events chapter.  A pre-use inspection should always be conducted to ensure that the PPE is in good working order.

  • Where can I obtain further information about head and face protection?

Personal protective equipment - hearing protection

The purpose of this information sheet is to provide information on actions which may be required to minimise noise exposure and hearing loss risk. This Information Sheet should be read in conjunction with the Noise and Sound Safety Management Procedure and Hazard Management Procedure.  

(Printable version)

  • How can the structure and organisation of tasks/activities affect exposure to unsafe levels of noise?

    Noise and sound, for the purpose of the noise exposure standard, is measured as an average over eight hours. Whether the exposure standard (85 dB(A)) is exceeded, depends on the level of noise and how long workers are exposed to it. The table below provides examples of the length of time a person without hearing protection can be exposed before the standard is exceeded. Peak noise and sound levels greater than 140 dB(c) usually occur with impact or explosive noise such as sledgehammering or a gun shot.  Any exposure above this peak can cause almost instant damage to hearing.

    Therefore, in conjunction with effective controls of noise at the source (such as elimination, substitution, isolation and engineering), understanding the noise emissions in your area and scheduling the activity and tasks accordingly, will assist to minimise noise exposure. Also, a different way of doing the job may provide the same result with less noise. Consider alternative methods such as bending metal in a vice rather than hammering it into shape, gluing rather than hammering in nails, clipping rather than stapling etc.

    Table 1: Equivalent Noise Exposures

    LAeq,8h = 85 dB(A)

    Source: Approved Code of Practice Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at Work

    Noise Level dB(A)

    Exposure Time

    Noise Level dB(A)

    Exposure Time

    80

    16 hours*

    106

    3.8 minutes

    82

    12 hours*

    109

    1.9 minutes

    85

    8 hours

    112

    57 seconds

    88

    4 hours

    115

    28.8 seconds

    91

    2 hours

    118

    14.4 seconds

    94

    1 hour

    121

    7.2 seconds

    97

    30 minutes

    124

    3.6 seconds

    100

    15 minutes

    127

    1.8 seconds

    103

    7.5 minutes

    130

    0.9 seconds

    *For adjustments that need to be made for extended working hours refer to the Code of Practice.

  • What are the noise exposure standards and what do they mean?

    The noise exposure standard under the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2012 (SA), regulations [56 & 57] requires that workers are not exposed to noise (including sound) in excess of:

    1. the equivalent of 85dB(A)1 over an 8-hour working day and
    2. a peak of 140dBI sound pressure. (The impulse noise should not exceed dB(C)2 at any point).

    This means that supervisors/the person in control of the activity/area/equipment must ensure that all reasonably practicable measures are implemented to eliminate or minimise noise and ensure the noise exposure standards are not exceeded.

  • What steps should I take to ensure noisy tasks or activities that workers regularly perform are not a risk to their hearing?

    Supervisors or persons in control of areas/activities/equipment that are noisy, must know the noise emissions in their work environment and implement controls to minimise these as low as is reasonably practicable. Noise emissions from equipment is commonly found in information from the manufacturer. Noise measurement/testing of some form will be required where you are uncertain of the noise emissions.

    Where noise is still higher than the noise exposure standard, appropriate hearing protection must be used, and regular audiometric testing of workers occur to ensure damage to hearing is not occurring.   

    Supervisors who oversee or are responsible for areas, activities, or equipment that generate high levels of noise should work through the following steps to manage noisy tasks or activities:

    Identify (through observation/inspection/consultation) any noisy activities/equipment in your area of supervision/under your control. As a guide, if you need to raise your voice to communicate with someone about a metre away, the noise is likely to be hazardous to hearing.

    Quantify/measure the noise emissions from the equipment/activity. The noise emission from equipment is commonly found in information from the manufacturer. Where you are uncertain of the noise emission, or there is cumulative noise emission from multiple sources of noise, arrange for noise measurement (testing).

    Control noise where activities/equipment is identified as producing high levels of noise and particularly, where it is over the noise exposure standard, selecting higher level controls (such as elimination, substitution, isolation and engineering).

    Remeasure the noise emissions.

    Provide hearing protection where residual noise levels are still high and particularly where it exceeds the exposure standards. Refer to Questions 4 and 5 for further information.

    Where workers are required to wear hearing protection as an identified control for noise and sound that exceeds the noise exposure standard the supervisor must arrange for audiometric testing to ensure:

    • a base level of hearing is recorded for every affected worker and
    • to ensure over time, that controls are effective in protecting workers’ hearing. 

    See the Noise and Sound Safety Management Procedure for further information.

  • When should hearing protection be considered as a control?

    Where a risk of damage to hearing remains after all other reasonably practicable control measures have been applied, and particularly where residual noise levels are above the exposure standard, a work area must provide and require the use of suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect hearing.

    The need for hearing protection (PPE) may be identified through:

    • noise readings that indicate residual noise emissions (those post implementation of other controls) are in excess of the exposure standard
    • the supervisor, or person in control of the work area, mandating the use of hearing protection as a general precaution such as in a workshop or laboratory, based on a reasonable assessment of the noise in the area 
    • a risk assessment for a task or process, e.g. a task involving the use of noisy plant or equipment.
  • If a decision is made to recommend or require wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect hearing, what further steps are required?

    Where workers are required to wear hearing protection as an identified control for noise and sound that exceeds the noise exposure standard the supervisor must arrange for audiometric testing to ensure:

    • a base level of hearing is recorded for every affected worker and
    • to ensure over time, that controls are effective in protecting workers’ hearing. 
  • What types of hearing protection are available and what maintenance do they require?

    Hearing protection will only assist if it is used and used correctly. If the use of hearing protection is necessary, it is important that the hearing protection is worn throughout the period of exposure to noise. Therefore, the supervisor/manager or the person who is directing the work, must provide instruction to the worker(s) prior to commencing the activity, on the nature of the work and how to implement the control measures, including the correct use of hearing protection. This will also include instruction on the selection of a suitable size, fit and comfort for the individual. Instruction could be provided either during the local induction if the task/activity is conducted on a regular basis or prior to conducting the activity if it is a new task/activity.

    Consultation with relevant workers is required to ensure the hearing protection chosen is practicable for the task/activity and that it does not introduce any other hazards for the operators/performers of the task/activity. 

    Different types of hearing protection offer various levels of real-ear noise attenuation. This information can be obtained from the manufacturer or supplier.

     

    Table 2: Recommended class of hearing protector for specific noise levels (dB(A))

    Measured exposure LAeq,8h dB(A)

    Class

    Less than 90

    1

    90 to less than 95

    2

    95 to less than 100

    3

    100 to less than 105

    4

    105 to less than 110

    5

    Earmuffs offer the highest level of noise attenuation and may be required where noise levels are high. Various types of earplugs offer variable noise attenuation, with custom moulded earplugs providing a higher level of noise attenuation than generic earplugs. In some situations of very high noise exposure (e.g. the use of firearms, both earplugs and earmuffs are required).

    Where workers are required to wear hearing protection, the supervisor or person in control of the area is required to ensure that the equipment is stored, maintained, repaired and/or replaced so that it continues to minimise the risk to the worker who uses it. This includes ensuring that the hearing protection is clean and hygienic. Refer and adhere to the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding storage and maintenance.

    Where a maintenance regime for any personal protection equipment exists, it must be managed. Refer to the Schedule of Programmable Events Procedure for requirements for the scheduling of safety activities. A pre-use inspection should always be conducted to ensure that the PPE is in good working order.

    Table 3: What types of hearing protection methods are available and what maintenance do they require?

    Type

    Advantages

    Disadvantages

    Disposable earplugs which are for single use and the cheapest option.

     

     

    Pre-shaped earplugs which cover or insert into the auditory canal.

    • Easily available and fit most users.
    • No additional load on the head (such as with earmuffs).
    • More comfortable in a warm environment than earmuffs.
    • Minimal or no interference with other personal protective equipment (PPE).
    • Directional hearing is not affected.

     

    • Level of protection is very dependent on correct fitting.
    • Can come loose slowly, so regular re-fitting is needed.
    • Can be uncomfortable due to the pressure in the ear canal.
    • Limited choice in noise reduction levels.
    • Proper function can be dependent on ear canal geometry.

     

     

     

    Custom-moulded earplugs

    which are made-to-measure and are the most effective earplugs.

    • Comfortable, easy and safe to fit.
    • They provide a high level of protection.
    • They are available in materials which achieve the best level of noise reduction and sound perception.
    • They are practical in dirty environments.
    • They require a production time before they are available for

    Use.

    • They are specific to a person.

     

     

    (Continued)

    Earmuffs

    Earmuffs enclose the ear and seal to the head with soft cushions. An acoustic foam inside provides the majority of the noise reduction. A head band connects the cups and provides the necessary sealing force. This band can be over the head, neck, or chin, and can also be part of a helmet.

     

    • Simple to use.
    • Easily available and fit most users.
    • Minimises auditory canal problems (no insertion of objects, and protection from dirt ingress).
    • Effective reduction of high frequency sounds.
    • Available in a range of specifications to achieve the most appropriate level of frequency and noise level attenuation.

     

    • Adds weight and pressure to the head.
    • Uncomfortable in warm climates or work areas.
    • Less effective with low frequency noises.
    • Loss of directional hearing.
    • Some compatibility issues with other PPE such as safety glasses.

                                  

    Specialist devices

    Devices that reduce the effects of unwanted noise/sound by methods other than the blocking the sound transmission path (e.g. electronic or mechanical damping of sound energy).

    • These provide additional features such as level-dependent noise cancelling, active noise cancelling or the support of audio communications.
    • Dependent on the type of specialist device selected.
  • Where can I find more information on hearing protection?

Personal protective equipment - protective clothing and footwear

The purpose of these FAQs is to provide information on personal protective equipment (PPE) which may be required to minimise a risk at work.
Specific requirements may be outlined in the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2012 (SA) and Approved Codes of Practice.  The references to the standards and resources have been included in these FAQs.
This information should be read in conjunction with the Hazard Management Handbook chapter.
Personal Protective Equipment is the least effective control measure.  This is because users have to remember to wear it, and it does nothing to minimise the underlying hazard.  For these reasons, higher level controls must first be considered.

(Printable version)

  • When should protective clothing and footwear be considered as a control measure?

    Where a risk of injury or illness still remains after all other control measures have been applied, a work area may be able to further minimise remaining risk, by providing and requiring the use of suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent damage to the body. Refer Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2012 (SA), regulation [36].

    A requirement for the use of PPE may be identified through:

    • the supervisor, or person in control of the work area, mandating the use of specific clothing and footwear upon entry to the area as a general precaution such as in a workshop or laboratory, based on a reasonable assessment of the hazards in the area
    • a risk assessment for a task or process, such as the use of hazardous chemicals, where specific PPE is required to manage the hazard e.g. goggles, gloves, face shield, hood or respiratory equipment.

    Where PPE is identified as required (e.g. through a risk assessment), it must be provided and made available to workers undertaking the activity. Ensuring the use of PPE can be reinforced through inductions to the local area, training on safe operating procedures (SOPs), supervision and spot checks. Where protective clothing and/or footwear is mandatory in an area, appropriate signage (complying with the relevant Australian Standard) should be displayed. Examples of signage appear in Appendix A.

  • Do I need to consult with workers on the choice of personal protective equipment (PPE) that they will be required to wear?

    Yes.  The Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act 2012 (SA), sections 47-49 requires that workers who are (or are likely to be) directly affected by a health or safety matter are consulted, particularly when making decisions about ways to eliminate or minimise risks. In doing so, workers’ views must be taken into account before making the decision. In the context of PPE, this includes to consult with the relevant workers to ensure that the PPE chosen is practicable for the task/activity and that it does not introduce any other hazards for the operators/performers of the task/activity. 

  • What types of protective clothing and footwear are available?

    Selecting suitable protective clothing and footwear will depend on several factors, including the task performed and the hazards associated with the work. Protective clothing can be categorised as providing protection from:

    • hazardous chemicals
    • heat and cold (working in cold rooms, working outdoors in inclement weather)
    • heat/flame hazards (contact with heat, flame, sparks, molten metal splashes)
    • harmful radiation (including ionising radiation)
    • mechanical hazards (entanglement, abrasive objects, cutting by sharp objects)

    biological hazards (e.g. blood). 

    The protective clothing must be selected as suitable for the nature of the work and the hazards associated with the work.

    Suppliers of protective clothing are a good source of information on the type and standard of protective clothing appropriate for the task and the hazards associated with the work and whether the product meets the relevant Australian Standard

    The protective clothing selected must not create an additional hazard (e.g. dust coats worn near rotating machinery).

    There are other types of PPE that may need to be considered such as eye protection, hand protection, head and face protection, hearing protection and respiratory protection. Refer to the HSW webpage for the relevant information sheet.

  • What instruction may be needed for protective clothing and footwear?

    Where a risk assessment control measure includes the requirement to wear or use protective clothing and footwear, workers must be instructed by their supervisor/manager or the person who is directing the work, on the nature of the work and how to implement the control measures, including the use of PPE. 

    This should also include the selection of a suitable size, fit and comfort for the individual, prior to commencing the activity. This instruction could be provided during the local induction if the task/activity is conducted on a regular basis or prior to conducting the activity if it is a new task/activity.

    For their part, workers must, so far as is reasonably able, use or wear the equipment in accordance with any information, training or reasonable instruction provided. Supervision and regular checks are a good way to ensure local safety rules are followed.

  • What are the maintenance requirements for protective clothing and footwear?

    Where workers are required to wear protective clothing and footwear, the Faculty/Division/Area is required under WHS Regulation [44],  to ensure that the equipment is maintained, repaired and/or replaced so that it continues to minimise the risk to the worker who uses it. This includes ensuring that the protective clothing is clean and hygienic. Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding any maintenance and care requirements.

    Where a maintenance regime for any PPE is required, the Schedule of Programmable Events (Safety Calendar) Procedure must be applied to manage this activity. A pre-use inspection should be conducted to ensure that the protective clothing and footwear is in good working order.

  • What are the storage requirements of protective clothing and footwear?

    Protective clothing and footwear should be stored to ensure it remains effective and in good order. It should be stored separately from other items, e.g. in a plastic bag. Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding storage requirements.

  • What should I do if I contaminate my protective clothing/lab coat?

    Any contaminated protective clothing and/or footwear should be immediately sealed in a plastic bag e.g. autoclave bag, to isolate the contamination. Contact your supervisor to discuss the possibility of decontamination. If decontamination cannot be conducted, dispose of the clothing as waste (in accordance with the type of substance it has been contaminated by).

  • When should protective footwear be worn?

    Protective footwear should be worn to reduce injuries to feet resulting from:

    • contact with falling, rolling or cutting objects
    • penetration through the sole or uppers
    • degloving (epidermis pulled away from the feet)
    • explosions and electrical hazards
    • contact with hazardous chemicals, heat and molten metals
    • slipping.

    Protective footwear should meet the relevant Australian Standard (see question 8). Suppliers are a good source of information on the type and standard of protective footwear appropriate for the task and the hazards associated with the work and whether the product meets the relevant Australian Standard.

  • Where can I obtain further information about protective clothing and footwear?

Personal protective equipment - respiratory protection

 

The purpose of this information sheet is to assist users with the selection, use and maintenance of suitable respiratory protection equipment, and to protect against substances which could enter the body through the respiratory system.

Note that personal protective equipment (PPE) (which respiratory protection equipment is a part of) is the least effective control measure as it does not contribute to minimising the underlying hazard.  PPE relies on human behaviour and supervision.  For these reasons, you need to do a risk assessment to identify higher level control measures before relying on PPE.

This information should be read in conjunction with the Hazard Management Procedure.


(Printable version)

  • When should respiratory protection equipment (RPE) be considered as a control measure?

    Where a risk of injury or illness still remains after all other control measures have been applied, the supervisor/person in control of the area/activity may be able to further minimise the remaining risk, by the provision and use of suitable RPE to prevent damage to the respiratory tract and system. Refer WHS Regulations 2012 (SA) [36].

    Respiratory protection is required where it is reasonably foreseeable that the operator could be exposed to a substance, agent or contaminant after all other practicable controls have been implemented.  RPE should only be used as a short-term control measure.  Where possible, a fume cupboard or other extraction device should be used to minimise the risk further.

    In special situations:

    • the area may mandate the use of respiratory protection upon entry to the area as a general precaution (such as in a workshop or laboratory), based on a reasonable assessment of the hazards in the area
    • as a part of the emergency contingency measures, RPE may be required if the substance is spilt outside of a containment area (e.g. fume cupboard, glove box etc).  This would allow clean up with no exposure to the individual. 

    Note:  where there is a life-threatening risk to any workers or others in the area (i.e. immediate health effects) in the event of a spill, emergency services, the South Australian Metropolitan Fire Service (SAMFS)) should be contacted in lieu of using RPE, by dialling (0) 000. 

    These actions should be determined, recorded, and communicated to workers when completing the risk assessment for the activity or when they are provided information/instruction by the supervisor during their induction.

    Where respiratory protection is mandatory in an area, appropriate signage (complying with the relevant Australian Standard) should be displayed on all entry points. Examples of signage appear in Appendix A.

  • What types of respiratory protection equipment (RPE) are available?

    Refer to the SafeWork SA website for information on the types of RPE available.

  • When is health monitoring required due to the use of respiratory protection equipment (RPE) to prevent exposure to airborne contaminants?

    Health monitoring must be provided if:

    Refer to the Air and Health Monitoring Information Sheet for more information.

    As the level of risk depends on the frequency, duration and level of exposure, carrying out a risk assessment is the best way to decide if there is significant risk or not. If risks are significant but not adequately controlled or there is uncertainty about the degree of risk, health monitoring is required.

    Contact the HSW Team for assistance. Specialist advice may be required from an occupational hygienist of a medical practitioner with experience in health monitoring.

  • What are the selection, use and maintenance requirements of respiratory protection equipment (RPE)?

    Where RPE is required to be worn, a respiratory protection program must be established by the Faculty/Division/Area which should comply with AS/NZS 1715: Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Equipment.  

    A respiratory protection program includes procedures specific to your area intended to prevent inhalation of harmful contaminants. The program requires the development of procedures for the following:

    • appointment of a program administrator
    • selection of RPE
    • medical screening of users of RPE
    • information, instruction, and training
    • any identified issues of using RPE
    • the correct way to fit the equipment
    • when RPE is required to be worn
    • storage and disposal of RPE
    • record keeping
    • program evaluation. 

     

    For specific requirements refer to AS/NZS 1715: Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Equipment.  

  • What is the role of the supervisor/person in control of the area/activity when respiratory protective equipment (RPE) is a control measure?

    The supervisor/person in control is to ensure that the:

    • stocks of RPE are adequate for the area
    • appropriate RPE is used and worn by the worker
    • workers are provided with the appropriate level of information, instruction, and training (as applicable) in the use, maintenance, and storage of the RPE
    • RPE is used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
    • RPE does not interfere with any medical conditions of the worker using it and is a suitable size and fit
    • appropriate signs are used to remind workers where it must be worn
    • The RPE is periodically assessed (e.g. fit tested) to ensure it is and continues to be effective
    • RPE is maintained, repaired, replaced or disposed of and stored correctly, and that it is clean, hygienic and in good working order, so that it continues to minimise risk to the worker
    • associated records are kept (e.g. information, instruction, and training, fit testing, air monitoring, risk assessments, etc.)
  • What is the role of the worker when respiratory protection equipment (RPE) is required to be worn?

    Workers are required to:

    • use or wear the equipment in accordance with any information/instruction provided by their supervisor/person in control of the area/activity or by a registered training organisation where a competency is required
    • inspect the RPE prior to commencement of the task to ensure it is in good working condition
    • to report if there is any damage or defect relating to the equipment and obtain a replacement before continuing the task.
  • What should I do if respiratory protection equipment (RPE) affects communication?

    If the use or wearing of equipment affects communication, it is important that appropriate steps are taken to ensure that the situation does not create additional risk to the operator. This should be considered in the risk assessment of the activity and implemented before the task is undertaken. (Refer to the Hazard Management Procedure for further information on this process.) If the issue occurs during the task, report it immediately to your supervisor.

  • Can respiratory protection equipment (RPE) be shared by workers?

    The sharing of equipment presents a hygiene risk and therefore RPE should be provided for exclusive use or cleaned/sterilised after each use. 

  • What information, instruction and training may be needed for respiratory protection equipment (RPE)?

    If a risk assessment control measure involves the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE), it is crucial for the workers to receive appropriate information, instruction, and training from their supervisor or the person in charge of the work. This should cover the nature of the work, correct fitting of the RPE, and limitations of the RPE, as well as suitable selection, fit, and comfort for each individual before starting the task. If the activity is conducted regularly, this information can be provided during the local induction. For new tasks or activities, it should be provided before starting the work. The frequency of this training depends on the level of risk and the complexity of the activity.

    To determine the necessary level of training and record-keeping requirements, refer to the Information, Instruction, and Training Procedure.

  • What are the storage requirements for respiratory protection equipment (RPE)?

    Users should consult the manufacturers’ instructions, particularly with regard to storage recommendations.  Considerations should be made for prevention of:

    • damage & distortion to face pieces
    • contact with foreign particles, atmospheres and substances which could cause deterioration
    • contamination, particularly for respiratory equipment used to supply air to a person.
  • Where can I find more information on respiratory protection?

Further information

Please contact your local HSW team.